Everyone must have heard in childhood a fairy tale about a golden apple that rolled around a silver saucer and showed what was going on far away, in another kingdom. This suggests that people in ancient times thought about the idea of transmitting dynamic images over long distances. However, mankind managed to realize this idea only in the 19th century.
TV was not invented by one person. Many scientists worked on its creation, and in different parts of the world. Discoveries alternated each other. However, the lack of powerful means of communication, like our Internet, did not allow scientists to keep abreast of scientific achievements. It even happened that two scientists on different continents could come to the same discovery or invention. In this article we will talk about those individuals who are considered pioneers in the creation of receivers that transmit picture and sound. By the way, the answer to the question of what year the firstTV, also can not be unambiguous. After all, scientists went to this for a long time and in small steps, and each of them contributed to this matter.
Important discoveries contributing to the creation of TV
In the second half of the 19th century, the famous physicist Huygens discovered the theory of light waves, and Maxwell proved the existence of electromagnetic waves almost in the same period. After that, Smith discovered the ability to change electrical resistance. Russian scientists did not lag behind Western ones, and at the same time Alexander Stoletov discovered and then demonstrated the effect of light on electricity. It is he who is the author of the "electric eye", which, in fact, was similar to the current photocells.
Another important discovery was the discovery of the photoelectric effect - the effect of light on the chemical composition of elements. Further, everything was even more interesting: people learned that the image can be seen using electromagnetic waves, while this image is able to be transmitted at a distance.
TV prototypes
The history of such amazing receivers, which transmitted not only sound (before that, radio had already been invented), but also an image, originates from the so-called Nipkow disk, which scanned the picture line by line. This miracle of technology was created in 1884 by the German scientist Paul Nipkow. However, when answering the question of who invented the first TV in the world, hardly anyone will remember this particular name.
Following him in 1895, another German physicist named Braun created a primitivekinescope. Surely many have heard of the "Brown tube", but did not know that we are talking about the very first kinescope in the world. That is why this scientist is also not mistaken for the one who invented the very first television. However, it must be recognized that their role in the creation of this device is invaluable.
Brown pipe
Initially, the author of this device did not consider his creation to be something significant and did not even patent it. The primitive receiver had the following parameters: screen height - 3 cm, width - also 3 cm, frame rate - 10 frames per second. Karl Brown showed it to people 11 years later, because before that he considered his creation unsuccessful. This is why he is not considered the first scientist to invent the television.
20th century: creation of a mechanical TV
John Logie Baird or Baird (the name is spelled differently in different sources) - a British engineer - went even further than his predecessors, in the mid-20s of the last century, using the same Nipkow disk, he invented a mechanical television receiver. True, initially it worked silently, but, to its credit, it gave a fairly clear picture obtained by decomposing it into elements. True, the exact date when John Baird invented the TV is difficult to name today, but already in the 30s of the 20th century they began to be produced for mass use. Baird was in a very advantageous position, because it had no competitors at all.
About the inventor
In this chapter weLet's talk about John Logie Baird, about the scientist who invented the television. He was born in the Scottish county of Durbantonshire in August 1888. Since childhood, he was interested in electricity, its properties and devices. After high school, he entered the West of Scotland Technical College for a course in electromechanics. However, the First World War began, and he had to interrupt his studies. But even after the establishment of peace, Baird did not return to his studies, but decided to study electromechanics on his own.
Of course, he was not the first and not the only one who was interested in the process of transmitting a picture at a distance, but it is precisely today that most people call his name when it comes to those who invented the television. In Glasgow, Baird made several imperfect attempts to assemble a television, but then moved to the south coast of England, to the city of Hastings, where he finally managed to assemble working models of televisions.
What did John Baird build the first television from?
According to history, the earliest model of a TV set was created by a British scientist and mechanic using common items such as bicycle lenses, darning needles, tea and hat boxes, the most common metal scissors, and wax and glue. He first spoke publicly about his model in 1924 on the Radio Times. However, he himself understood the imperfection of his invention, which was only capable of reproducing silhouettes in motion. He managed to improve his TV in the capital. Thanks to some improvements, he achieved clarity of lines. About threeFor weeks, Baird demonstrated to everyone his unique invention. Thousands of curious people came to his laboratory, he told them how this device works. This was in 1925. That is why, when asked in what year the TV was invented, many give this date.
First televisions and media
Bird's invention caught the attention of the British media shortly after the discovery. He was invited to the editorial office of the Daily Express newspaper. And on January 26, 1926, the scientist, in the presence of eminent members of the Royal Institution, as well as the popular journalist of The Times, demonstrated and explained for the first time how this device works. The broadcast speed was 12.5 frames per second. In 1927, an ambitious mechanic, wishing to surpass the record set by AT&T Bell Labs (362 m), used a 705-meter cable to transmit a television program. On July 3, 1928, Baird showed a full-color transmission, as well as the first stereoscopic transmission of its kind.
Baird Television Development Company Ltd
This company was created by Baird in the same 1928, and they began to produce televisions for mass use, so some Britons, when asked what year the television was invented in their country, answer: in 1928, then is called the date of establishment of this company. She was engaged in the transfer of television programs between England and the USA (New York), and also began to cooperate with the BBC, and British viewers began to watch the programs of this company with a scan of 30 x210 lines. In 1929, John Baird, teaming up with Bernard Nathan, began to work on the creation of a television company in France. Thus, the French also had their own television as early as 1931.
Evolution
In parallel with the creation of television companies, the scientist was engaged in the improvement of the TV, as well as the development of large screens for cinemas, the size of which, thanks to him, grew from 150 × 60 cm to 4 m 60 cm × 3 m 70 cm. Gradually, Baird began to create semi-mechanical televisions and received patents for cathode ray tubes and rotating color filters, and in 1941 he was already close to creating a full-fledged 3D television with a scan of 500 lines. By the end of the Second World War, he introduced a system with a scan of 1000 lines. But this proposal of his was rejected by the government due to fears of high financial costs, which was incompatible with the British economy of the post-war period. For several decades, until the introduction of the PAL system (625 lines), the country continued to use very modest standards with a scan of 405 lines.
Who invented the electronic TV?
It is believed that the first electronic television receiver was developed by Russian physicist Boris Rozin. As early as the beginning of the 20th century, he inserted a cathode ray tube into a receiving apparatus and received a television picture of geometric shapes, and then of points. The beam was scanned in the tube he created by means of magnetic fields, and the intensity of brightness was regulatedcapacitor. Despite the fact that his work was later continued by another Russian engineer, V. Zworykin, Rozina, nevertheless, is considered to be the scientist who invented the electronic tube television. After the revolutionary events, he was forced to leave Russia and went to the States. In 1923, the scientist patented his unique invention - a new type of television, which fully functioned on electronic technology.
Who Invented Color TV?
Attempts to transmit color images at a distance were made even when mechanical television receivers were in use. This was done by many scientists around the world, but the first to present his developments to the scientific community was the Armenian scientist Hovhannes Adamyan. By the way, back in 1908, it was he who patented a two-color device for signal transmission in Germany. He was born in the family of an Armenian oil merchant in Baku in 1879. Here he graduated from high school, and then entered the University of Baku, after which he studied in Zurich, Berlin. At the end of 1913, he moved to St. Petersburg and created his own laboratory, and in 1925 Adamyan received a three-color image on a TV screen, which he called the Armenian word "erates" ("foreseeer").
In the summer of 1930, Adamyan again surprised the world and carried out the reception of the first photoradiogram between Leningrad and Moscow through his system. He became the first of the scientists-engineers who, in the technology of color television, practically carried out the reception and sequential transmission of color fields, based on an optical-mechanical system.image scan.
And yet, in the West, it is not Adamyan who is considered the inventor of color television, but the same John Logie Brad, although it was only in 1928 that he assembled an apparatus that sequentially transmits 3 images using red, blue and green light filters.
Color television boom
After the Second World War there was a real breakthrough in the evolutionary development of color television. The United States lost the opportunity to earn money by fulfilling defense orders. It was then that televisions were invented that were able to use decimeter waves to transmit a color image. In the Soviet Union, only in 1951 did viewers see the first test broadcast.
