The time of foundation of Krasnoyarsk - a modern city with a million inhabitants, which is the industrial, cultural and scientific center of Eastern and Central Siberia, is considered to be 1628. But, according to scientists, it appeared much earlier. Its history is rich in interesting events closely related to the foundation of Siberia and subsequent important milestones in the history of the country.
Location
In the format of this article, let's talk briefly about the founding of Krasnoyarsk, as well as the richness of the natural relief and the stunning beauty of these places. The city was founded on the banks of the great Siberian river Yenisei, at present it is located on both banks. Its geographical position can be defined as the borders of the Sayan Mountains, the West Siberian Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau. It lies in the northern spurs of the Sayan Mountains, which form a hollow here.
Since the division of the territory of Siberia into Western and Eastern is usually carried out along the Yenisei, one part of the city is located in Eastern Siberia, and the other in Western. To avoid confusion, Krasnoyarsk is conditionally referred to as Eastern Siberia,as a result, it is the center of the East Siberian region. The extreme ridge of the Sayan Mountains entered the boundaries of the city.
Relief of the city
Modern Krasnoyarsk, founded in such a place, has a complex hilly terrain. Districts of the city are located on its different formations. The area of Akademgorodok lies on the Sayan Ridge, the area of the railway station is in the lowlands, the Oktyabrsky and Sovetsky districts are on the hills, and the Sverdlovsky district is in the foothills.
Origin of the name of the city
In the earliest documents, the future city of Krasnoyarsk was called the New Kachinsky prison, this name was given by the river Kacha - the left tributary of the Yenisei, where it was located. This gave reason to assume that the Kachinsky prison existed before him. Most likely, it was founded as a point for collecting yasak, or it was just a winter hut, the estimated date of the founding of Krasnoyarsk, given these circumstances, is 1608.
The local Kachin people called this place Khyzyl Char, which translated into Russian meant Red Yar (shore, cliff). In Russian, the word "red" meant beautiful. Indeed, the place that was chosen for prison had a bewitching Siberian beauty. After the settlement was given the status of a city, it became known as Krasnoyarsk.
History until the 16th century
The history of the founding of Krasnoyarsk is amazing and full of important events for Russia. He played a key role in the development of Siberia. This is the largest of the ancient Siberiancities. The history of the development of these places, as well as the city itself, began long before the appearance of Krasnoyarsk. A convenient location for living contributed to the fact that in ancient times many peoples passed through it. Excavations carried out in the vicinity of the city speak of ancient settlements, as a result of which ancient settlements were found with rich finds that speak of a developed civilization.
Excavations from the Neolithic period were found on the territory of the city. Scientists managed to establish that the settlements were built 35 thousand years ago. Two thousand years ago, tribes of Ket-speaking peoples lived here. The territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is surprising in that it was inhabited by many peoples, constituting tribes, unions, primitive states. History knows nothing about many of them.
Land development
Radically the territory has changed after its annexation to Russia. The year of foundation of the city of Krasnoyarsk is questioned by many historians. There is reason to believe that the first Russians appeared in these lands at the turn of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, but they did not stay here due to their small number and great distance from the prisons, where administrative power and small detachments of archers and Cossacks were concentrated. The founding of Krasnoyarsk became possible only after the construction of the Mangazeya prison, located on the Siberian river Taz, which opened the way for further advance to the east.
These lands, in fact, were ownerless, practically uninhabited. Different tribes roamed along them, there was no statehood. Education in the territorySiberia of settlements refers to earlier periods of time, at the time of the appearance of Russian pioneers in these parts, these lands were part of the principality of Ezersky nomadic tribes of the Yenisei Kyrgyz. These places, rich in animals, in particular fur, fish, forest, berries, pine nuts, mushrooms, attracted Russian fishermen and hunters here. They appeared in these parts presumably at the end of the 16th century.
The rumor about the we alth of this region reached the Russian tsars. Expeditions of Cossacks were equipped beyond the Urals, in the formed prisons the interests of the state were represented by the governors sent here with detachments of archers. Their goal was to approve the laws of Russia here, to collect taxes and taxes, the so-called yasak.
The role of the Orthodox Church in the development of Siberia
The Russian Orthodox Church also played a big role in the development of Siberia. Priests and monks marched along with detachments of Cossacks. When the prisons were founded, churches were immediately built in which services were held. The church had two goals. The first is the spread of Orthodoxy to the East, the second is a connection with the Motherland, with native roots, spiritual support.
It was true faith that helped the pioneers endure all hardships and hardships, strengthened them spiritually, making it clear that their hardships were not in vain. The founding of the city of Krasnoyarsk was no exception. A church was built in each newly formed prison. During the development of Siberia, wild, practically uninhabited lands were squeezed into monasteries. Monastic settlements were built, which gradually overgrown with people,voluntarily or by the will of fate caught up in these severe collapses.
When developing Siberia, an indispensable law was in force, under which a settlement with several houses must have a chapel, a village - a church, a city - a monastery. It was the Orthodox ministers who marched with the first detachments of the Cossacks who helped organize a motley flow of people striving through the Urals. These were the sovereign's servants, explorers, settlers, fugitive convicts, criminals, peasants fleeing serfdom and hopelessness. Having crossed the Urals, they felt freedom in understanding permissiveness. Only one thing united them and made them one people - faith in God.
History. Century XVII
In 1623, the Yenisei voivode Y. Khripunov sent his guarantor, nobleman A. Dubensky, to the place where Krasnoyarsk is now located, and at that time there were settlements of Cossacks who came here from the Ket prison, who were disturbed by the raids of local tribes. They turned to the Yenisei governor for help. Dubensky was instructed to choose a place for the construction of a prison that would guard the lands of the Cossacks. He chose a place, drew up a plan according to which Krasnoyarsk was founded, and left for Moscow to approve it.
Upon returning from Moscow with an approved plan, Dubensky led an expedition of three hundred Cossacks and went to the chosen place, where a prison was founded on the left bank of the Kacha River, called Krasny Yar. This place was located below modern Krasnoyarsk, opposite Tatyshev Island, which is now part of the city. Ever since1628 is considered to be the year of foundation of Krasnoyarsk.
Ostrog Krasny Yar in 1631 becomes the county center. After 28 years, a large prison was built, the purpose of which was to collect yasak. Local peoples, consisting of nomadic tribes of the Kyshtyms and the Yenisei Kyrgyz, already paid tribute to the Mongol state of the Altan Khans. Therefore, they refused to pay the Russians. But these lands were already on the territory of Russia, and by law they were required to pay tax to the treasury.
Dissatisfied with this situation and instigated by the Mongols, the detachments of the Kyrgyz Khan Irenek besieged the prison twice in 1667 and 1679. Already in 1690, the prison received the status of a city and its current name. The founding of the city of Krasnoyarsk is fraught with great difficulties and trials, however, it becomes the center for the advancement of Russian explorers further to the east.
From the history of the XVIII century
850 people lived in the city at the beginning of the century. Mostly they were families of Cossacks. The foundation of Krasnoyarsk and its importance in the development of Siberia is great. Its development was predetermined by the laying of the Siberian Highway, which connected the city with Cannes, Achinsk and further with other cities of the country. Despite the fact that its population increased to two thousand people, it remained a city of county significance.
The city developed, enterprises appeared, in particular the Vasilevsky iron-smelting plant, schools and a public library were opened. Great changes have taken place since the founding of Krasnoyarsk. The year 1784 was marked by a strong fire. He burned almost the entire city, leftonly 30 houses. Sergeant surveyor P. Moiseev sent a new linear layout of the city, Petersburg was taken as a basis. Modern Krasnoyarsk begins with it.
19th century gold rush
Gold found on the Dry Berikul River (Kemerovo region) stirred up the whole of Siberia. After the mines of the merchants A. Ya. and F. I. Popovs on the rivers Sukhoi Berikul, Wet Berikul and small tributaries of the Kiya began to produce 16 pounds per year, miners were drawn into the taiga. By the way, gold mining is not a cheap pleasure at all. The merchants Popovs spent more than 2 million rubles on exploration alone, money unprecedented at that time.
Gold-bearing regions were almost throughout the entire territory of Western and Eastern Siberia. Gold was looked for everywhere. Krasnoyarsk was no exception. He was washed on the Bugach River, Afontova Gora, not far from the railway station, on Pillars. Krasnoyarsk shone with luxury for show, incredible revelry, fights, theft and cards. Nevertheless, gold mining gave a good income to hundreds of people. The taxes levied made it possible to develop the social sphere and infrastructure of the city. But most of the capital left Krasnoyarsk.
A huge role in the development of the city, in addition to gold mining, was played by the railway. Rails for her were purchased in England. From Scotland through the Arctic Ocean, the Kara Sea, they were delivered to Krasnoyarsk. In 1913, the first power station was built in Krasnoyarsk, and water supply was installed. The city was reputed to be the most beautiful andcomfortable in Siberia.
Soviet period
During the years of the Soviet Union, Krasnoyarsk was one of the largest cities in Siberia and the whole country. In 1931 it became the center of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Schools, institutes, technical schools, hospitals, kindergartens, stadiums are being built and opened. Much attention is paid to housing construction. During the Great Patriotic War, many enterprises from central Russia were evacuated here. They will serve as the basis for the development of the region's industry.
For the most part, these are engineering and metalworking, chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, metallurgy, mining, woodworking, food processing, building materials, light industry. There are 29 higher educational institutions in Krasnoyarsk, dozens of various schools, technical schools and colleges. Nine research institutes of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences, 11 research institutes of other departments.
Present
The post-Soviet period is characterized by a reduction in industrial production and the development of trade and services. Hundreds of shops, supermarkets are being built and operated in the city, and you can buy almost everything here, including orthopedic bases. Krasnoyarsk has noticeably changed and become more beautiful. In recent years, new buildings, cultural and entertainment facilities have been built. Hundreds of cafes and restaurants are open.
But it's still a working city. And Krasnoyarsk is a city of students, they are herethere are more than 150 thousand, 124 thousand schoolchildren should be added to them. There are all types of transport in the city: rail, road (roads R 255 Siberia, M 54 Yenisei, R 409 Yenisei Trakt), water, air (airports Yemelyanovo, Cheremshanka), metro.
