Education is the process of mastering the achieved results of the development of society. In the process of socialization, a person is attached to the standards of behavior, values, the body of knowledge that society has produced over a long period of development.
Learning activities as an element of the education system
Education is carried out in stages, depending on the purpose, age, learning objectives. Preschool, for children aged 6-7 years, gives initial ideas about the world around them. Classes are carried out in game, visual forms that are most accessible for perception at this age.
The right to receive compulsory general education is enshrined in the Constitutional norm, which emphasizes its importance in the process of socialization - the adaptation of the individual to the system of public relations. This is an important stage of learning, so it is necessary to understand what the goal of the student's activity is and under what conditions it is achieved.
Learning activities
Teaching is a mental process of the specific activity of human society, whichgoverned by a conscious purpose. Learning takes place only when the activity is managed and regulated by certain learning objectives to achieve the goal.
For the successful implementation of the learning process, a set of volitional and cognitive qualities is needed. Their totality (memory, imagination, psychological readiness) is determined depending on the purpose of the student's activity, and can differ significantly at different stages of educational activity.
Learning activity differs from other forms by the predominance of the gnostic aspect in it. Its purpose is the knowledge of the surrounding world.
This is a directed expedient process, as a result of which a person acquires a new level of knowledge, reaches a new quality of life.
Learning process and objectives
The learning process makes sense if it is directed, with a certain vector of movement and a coordinate system that allows you to assess the degree of compliance of the course with this vector. A set of means, methods, forms, teaching methods, and types of student activities depend on the goal set. In turn, the totality of forms and methods affects the quality, effectiveness and speed of achieving the goal.
Currently, approaches to learning are called student-centered. What does it mean? The student is considered in this approach not as an object of educational activity, for whom it is decided where and how he moves in cognition. The student himselfdetermines the goals of its development. It is clear that a child, a teenager in this process cannot always formulate the goal of learning, assess their capabilities and choose development methods. All this remains in the competence of teachers. However, the task of a wise teacher is to help the student in his self-determination. What is the purpose of the student's activity? To achieve in the process of teaching that level of competence that is possible within the framework of his personal psychological and social characteristics and reveals his personality as much as possible.
Teaching objectives
To achieve the goal of the activity in the learning process, a set of tasks is solved, which are those markers of the process that at the same time do not allow you to go astray and act as criteria for the success of training. The learning activity of the student is determined by the following tasks:
- Knowledge. Expanding the amount of information on the subject of study.
- Skills. Formation of the ability to apply acquired knowledge in practice.
- Skills. Achieving a certain level of practical result with the systematic use of acquired skills.
The tasks and purpose of the teaching predetermine the types, forms and methods of educational activities. Their effectiveness and choice depends on the socio-psychological characteristics of the student.
Conditions for successful learning activities
The results of the learning process depend on who the student is. The characteristic of the student's activity should take into account his gender, age, personal characteristics, level of intelligence, and peculiarities of education. There are objective and subjective characteristics that are importanttake into account in the choice of certain forms of teaching students.
The number of objective parameters includes: age and gender characteristics, personality psychotypes. The subjective factors will be the features of education, personal abilities and inclinations of the child. The educational activity of the student must necessarily be built taking into account both objective data, age differences, and taking into account purely individual characteristics. If this child is an extrovert, a hyperdynamic boy of 5 years of age, then it is hardly possible to form the skill of sewing clothes for dolls, however, there are always exceptions.
Types and forms of educational activities
Forms and activities can be combined, diversified and modified to fit the specifics of the teaching. There are a large number of options with which you can achieve excellent learning outcomes (provided they are chosen correctly):
- Lessons in the form of discussions.
- Theatrical lessons.
- Quiz.
- Creative workshops.
- Role-play educational games.
- Protection of projects.
Forms can also be group, individual, team work, independent activity, self-control, etc.
All of them form a field of opportunity for the manifestation of talents and characteristics of students. The characteristics of the main activities of the student should reveal the motives of his actions, identify needs and set tasks adequate to the process.
Characteristiclearning activities
The well-known scientist in the field of educational psychology Leontiev A. N. identified the following main characteristics, which are still exhaustive for the analysis of the educational activities of students. What determines the characteristics of the student's activity?
First of all, it is the student's need in the learning process, the important thing is the learning task, which is solved at a certain stage in the learning process. The effectiveness of the process depends directly on the motives of the student's learning activities and their corresponding operations, actions and techniques.
- Learning task. The peculiarity of this moment is that with its competent formulation, the student not only finds the answer to the question, he acquires a universal algorithm of actions in an unlimited number of options with similar parameters.
- Need. The desire to master the subject area in which the learning activity of students takes place in order to achieve the learning goal.
- Motives. Personal needs of the student, which are solved as a result of mastering certain knowledge, achieving the goal.
Training and Development
The standards of modern education are aimed at a harmonious combination of learning and development of children. But the real solution to this most important issue directly depends on the level of professionalism of teachers, the culture of parents, their knowledge and application in the process of educating the basic concepts of developmental psychology and pedagogy.
With a competent answer to the question of what is the purpose of the activitystudent, the parameters of the zone of his near development are set. What does this mean?
According to Vygotsky L. S., there is a certain gap between the actual development of the child (what he is able to decide and do on his own) and what the child is capable of as a result of being accompanied by a competent instructor (teacher). It is these parameters that determine the learning objectives. In order for this distance to be overcome successfully and for the child to form a steady desire to develop his abilities, it is important to pay attention to the motives for learning. This process should involve not only teachers, but, more importantly, the student's parents.
Recommendations for the formation of student motivation
- Initially, the child must understand that teaching is the area of his personal responsibility. It should not be for the child to perform his direct functions - preparing homework, collecting for school. It is better to leave it at the level of control, with a gradual transition to self-control.
- Take a personal sincere interest in the area in which the student's activities are carried out, and evaluate the results (even, in your opinion, insignificant) in the process of learning.
- Never compare your child to other children. Celebrate his personal growth compared to what he was yesterday and what has changed in him personally. There is always something to praise your child for! All children are brilliant.
- Concentrate on achievements, do not scold for failure, you need to teach a child to get out of difficult situations with dignity, without losing faith inmyself. The characteristic of the student's activity should be carried out only in a positive way.
- Help your child see the real connection between success in mastering theoretical knowledge and the level of practical benefit and expediency.
- Develop a reward system with a short goal - for a day, a week, a month, a study period (quarter, half a year) and with a perspective - for a year.
Remember that the independence of the child depends largely on the position of the parent - a friend, adviser, authority. And success comes from the ability to help a child believe in himself.
