Over hundreds of years of its development, pedagogy has identified a number of principles that affect the success of learning, the assimilation of knowledge by students. All of them are interconnected, and their use in combination ensures the most complete, successful assimilation of new knowledge and skills. One of the main principles is the principle of consciousness and activity.
Define learning principles
The principles of teaching are the basic provisions that determine the content, methods and forms that will be used in teaching a particular subject. The entire educational process is built on the basis of the principles of education, starting with the content of education and ending with the selection of the most effective forms and methods of teaching schoolchildren and students.
Next, we will consider the main didactic principles - awareness of activity, systematic and others. Each principle reflects one aspect of learning and is the basis for the formation of learning rules.
Basic learning principles
The basic principles of teaching were formed based on the practice and experience of such teachers and psychologists as Ya. A. Comenius, V. V. Davydov, A. Diesterweg, K. D. Ushinsky.
Each of their scientists offered their own classification of principles, emphasized one or another feature of the human psyche, the capabilities of the mind. But, as it turned out, they are all interconnected and cannot fully function without each other.
Modern pedagogical science highlights the following principles of learning: consciousness and activity, clarity of science, systematic, strength, emotionality, accessibility, connection of learning with life, individual approach to learning. It is on them that you need to rely on when learning.
Scientific principle
The principle of scientificity is based on the disclosure of cause-and-effect relationships, insight into the essence of phenomena, disclosure of the history of the development of science, the connection between various fields of knowledge. All studied rules and laws must be scientifically correct and justified.
The teacher needs to acquaint students with objective scientific facts and theories, selecting only evidence-based material for this, pushing children to master the methods of scientific search.
Systematic principle
The principle of systematic and consistent learning is determined by the logic in science, the peculiarities of cognitive activity, depending on the age of the students. Assumes consistency in the work of the teacher asover himself, and over the material, students; systematic work of students.
The principle of systematic means teaching in a certain order. Each new lesson is a continuation of the old one. Work on the topics goes on the principle of "from facts to conclusions". Students observe phenomena, facts and come to certain conclusions.
It also implies regular work with books and textbooks, observation of various phenomena. An important role is played by the skills of organization and consistency, diligence in learning. The main, basic position in training is closely connected with these features. Next, we will characterize the principle of consciousness and activity.
To implement the principle of systematicity, it is necessary:
- Organize material.
- Ensure regular classes, alternating them with rest.
- Show the system of the studied science, interdisciplinary connections.
- Use when presenting the material of the diagram.
Principle of accessible learning
The principle of accessibility of education suggests that classes are built in accordance with the age and mental capabilities of students. To do this, the teacher selects the most appropriate methods and forms of teaching, selects the material that will be learned by the students without any extra effort. At the same time, it is important that the material obtained in the course of training is based on already existing knowledge about the world around us, the subject of study. For this, it is necessary to use analogies andcomparisons, to compare new information with already known. The material must be submitted according to the principle "from simple to complex".
Principle of Linking Learning to Life
Based on the connections of the received material with theory, production and practice. The knowledge gained during the study of the material must be applied in practice, adapting to a particular life situation.
The principle of consciousness and activity is largely based on it. If the student sees the connection between the subject and the future, then he becomes interested in studying it, tries to understand what the teacher said, to delve into the essence of this or that phenomenon.
The principle of visibility in teaching
The principle of visibility involves the use of visual aids in the classroom - pictures or drawings, diagrams, maps, graphs, dummies. With their help, children assimilate information not only with the help of hearing, but also with the help of another channel for obtaining information - visual, which significantly increases the likelihood of mastering the material.
Refers to visualization and conducting various experiments and experiments, especially in the lessons of chemistry, biology and physics.
Today, completely new types of visualization have appeared at the disposal of teachers - films, videos, computer programs. Their use in the classroom allows not only to increase the chances of memorizing and mastering the material, but also to implement the principle of consciousness and activity, making children interested in studying a particular subject.
Principle of the strength of learning skills, skills and knowledge
A sign of this principle is a deep and conscious assimilation of the studied facts and concepts, laws, ideas, understanding them. It is implemented by repeating what has been learned, activating acquired knowledge with the help of leading questions, comparing previously studied phenomena with new ones, classifying and generalizing.
It is thanks to this principle that before taking a test on a topic, students take a lesson in systematizing their knowledge and sort out their mistakes. At the end of the year, it is obligatory to repeat all the material studied, just like the repetition at the beginning of the year. In addition, the high school is largely built precisely on the principle of the strength of knowledge, since during the training, students repeat the material studied in grades 5–9 and deepen it.
Principle of individual approach
Based on helping every student learn. The teacher identifies the interests of the student, gives tasks according to the level and interests.
Quite often, teachers do extra work with students, leaving after class and explaining a particular topic in more detail if the student does not understand it.
For the purpose of an individual approach, students are given differentiated tasks, they are offered to work on projects, in groups or in pairs.
For the most interested students, circles or extracurricular activities are created. All this helps to achieve not only the principle of consciousness and activity in learning, but also accessibility,systematic.
Emotionality Principle
To implement this principle, the teacher needs to learn how to form the emotions of children, which will be aimed at learning and interest in the subject.
This is achieved, first of all, by the teacher's benevolent attitude towards students, his interest in the subject being taught. The appearance of the teacher is also important.
The principle of activity and consciousness
The principle of consciousness and activity in education is one of the leading ones in education. It is he who determines the direction of the cognitive activity of students, which allows him to manage it.
The implementation of the principle of consciousness is facilitated by an explanation of the goals and objectives of the learning process, its significance for solving life problems.
age. As you can see, the principle of consciousness and activity of students is realized through the use of other principles of learning.
The principle is:
- Students understand the purpose of learning.
- Knowing how to achieve the learning goal.
- Understanding the facts and patterns of the development of science and the emergence of various phenomena.
- Assimilation of knowledge and their activeapplication.
Rules of the principle of consciousness and activity
Let's consider in more detail the principle of consciousness and activity. The rules to follow when implementing it are as follows:
1. Students must understand the meaning of the tasks assigned to them, understand the purpose of learning. The lesson always starts with a problem statement, drawing on the students' previous experience.
2. It is necessary to use all the techniques at the disposal of the teacher to interest students in the material being studied.
3. Students should learn not only information about objects and phenomena, but also understand their essence, the patterns of their occurrence and development, be able to apply the knowledge gained in practice.
4. Be sure to have self-control and self-esteem in training. The teacher is responsible for the formation of these skills, trying to develop in the students and the needs for them.
5. The task of the teacher is to form interest in the learning process and the content of the subject.
6. When explaining the material, it is necessary to give as many examples as possible, to give as many exercises as possible to master it.
7. Ask the question "Why?". This contributes to the activation of thought processes, which leads to the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships.
Conclusions
Education is based on a number of principles, the main of which can rightfully be called the principle of consciousness and activity. The application in the work of the teacher of all the principles we have listed guarantees success inteaching any child, regardless of the subject.
