Alexei Mikhailovich "The Quietest" was prolific - from two marriages he had 16 children. Interesting facts include the fact that none of the nine daughters married, and the boys born in the first marriage with Miloslavskaya were very painful. The only one of them, Ivan V, being struck by all diseases (from scurvy to paralysis), reached the age of 27. He became the father of five girls, one of whom, Anna, ruled Russia for 10 years.
Who belongs to whom
Ivan's older brother, Fyodor Alekseevich, lived to be 20 years old, of which he was king for 6 years - from 1676 to 1682. In his first marriage, a son, Ilya, was born, who died with his mother immediately after childbirth. There were no heirs left, so the throne was inherited by the younger brothers - Ivan and his father's father Peter, whose mother was Naryshkina. He became the great ruler of Russia.
Young but determined king
Fyodor Alekseevich himself received the throne passing to his eldest son after the death of his two older brothers - Dmitry (in infancy) and Alexei (at the age of 16).
The tsar-father declared him heir in 1675, and a year later he became king. Fedor Alekseevich had a very long title, because Russia was not yeta single state, and listed all the principalities and khanates under its jurisdiction.
The king was young. Naturally, there was no end to those wishing to become mentors. True, many ended up with a “voluntary” and not very exile. Naryshkin's stepmother was exiled to Preobrazhenskoye along with Peter. Maybe luckily? After all, the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment comes from those events. By the middle of 1676, A. S. Matveev, his father’s brother-in-law, the first Russian “Westernizer”, who had previously had almost unlimited power in the country, was also sent into exile.
Natural talent and great teacher
Fyodor Alekseevich was a creative person - he composed poetry, owned musical instruments and sang pretty well, understood painting. According to contemporaries, in his dying delirium he read from Ovid's memory. Not all monarchs, dying, remember the classics. The personality was clearly outstanding.
Fedor was lucky with the teacher. Simeon Polotsky, a Belarusian by origin, a writer and theologian, a major public figure in Russia, was engaged in his education. As a mentor to the royal children, he did not leave social and literary activities - he founded a printing house in Moscow, opened a school, wrote poems and plays, treatises and poems. Fedor Alekseevich, under his guidance, translated and rhymed some of the psalms from the Ps alter. Fedor Alekseevich Romanov was well educated, knew Polish, Greek and Latin. Especially for him, secretaries under the leadership of Simeon Polotsky prepared a kind of review of international events.
Historical injustice
Due to the fact that his reign was short (a month was not enough before the 6-year term) and pale between bright significant periods (the reign of his father, Alexei Mikhailovich "The Quietest", and the brother of Peter I the Great), Fedor himself Alekseevich Romanov remained a little-known sovereign. And representatives of the dynasty do not really brag about them. Although he possessed the mind, and the will, and talents. He could be a great reformer and reformer, the author of the first Russian perestroika. And he became a forgotten king.
At the beginning of his reign, all power was concentrated in the hands of the Miloslavskys and their entourage. Fedor III had the will, and he was a teenager, to push them into the shadows, and also to bring closer people not very noble, but smart, active, enterprising - I. M. Yazykov and V. V. Golitsyn.
Reformer King
Fyodor Alekseevich's reign was marked by significant transformations.
Born in 1661, already in 1678 he ordered the start of a population census and introduced household taxation, as a result of which the treasury began to replenish. The strengthening of the state through the tightening of serfdom was facilitated by the abolition of the father's decree on the non-extradition of fugitive peasants, provided that they enter the army. These were just the first steps. The reign of Fyodor Alekseevich laid the foundation for some of the reforms adopted by Peter I. So, in 1681, a number of events were carried out that formed the basis and allowed Peter to carry out the provincial reform, and in the last year of his life, Fedor III prepared a project, based on which werePeter's "Tables of Ranks" were created.
The first man with this name in the Romanov family was Fyodor Koshka, one of the direct ancestors of the dynasty. The second was Patriarch Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov). The third was Tsar Fedor Alekseevich Romanov - an unusual, strong and unfairly forgotten personality. In addition to severe hereditary diseases, he suffered from an injury - at the age of 13, during the winter holidays, he was run over by a sleigh on which his sisters rode. There were such times - mothers died during childbirth along with newborns, it was impossible to cure scurvy (it took the form of pestilence), there were no fastening belts in the royal sleigh. It turns out that the person was doomed to an early death and the inability to complete the transformations that had begun. As a result, he was forgotten, and the glory went to others.
All in the name of the country
The domestic policy of Fyodor Alekseevich was aimed at the benefit of the state, and he sought to improve the existing situation without cruelty and despotism.
He transformed the Duma, increasing the number of its representatives to 99 people (instead of 66). The king gave them the main responsibility in making state decisions. And it was he, and not Peter I, who began to give way to people who were not noble, but educated and active, capable of serving the good of the country. He destroyed the system of granting public positions, directly dependent on the nobility of origin. The local system ceased to exist in 1682 right at the meeting of the Zemsky Sobor. To thisthe law did not remain only on paper, Fedor III ordered the destruction of all bit books in which it was legal to receive positions by tribal affiliation. It was the last year of his life, the king was only 20 years old.
Wide reorganization of the state
Fyodor Alekseevich's policy was aimed at mitigating, if not eliminating, the cruelty of criminal prosecution and punishment. He abolished cutting off hands for theft.
Isn't it amazing that a law against luxury was passed? Before his death, he decides to establish the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. At the same time, a religious school was to be opened. What is most surprising, Fedor Alekseevich is the first to start inviting teachers from abroad. Even beards were shaved and hair was cut short under Tsar Fyodor.
The tax system and the structure of the army were being transformed. Taxes became reasonable, and the population began to pay them more or less regularly, replenishing the treasury. And, most surprisingly, he curtailed the rights of the church, significantly limited its interference in secular and state affairs, and began the process of liquidating the patriarchate. You read and wonder, because all this was attributed to Peter! Obviously, despite all the intrigues of the royal court, he loved his older brother, was able to appreciate the reforms and transformations he had begun and completed them with dignity.
Building reform
The policy of Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov covered all sectors of the national economy. There was an active construction of temples and publicinstitutions, new estates appeared, frontiers were strengthened, gardens were planted. Hands reached the sewerage system of the Kremlin.
Dwellings designed by his order, many of which still exist today, deserve special mention. Fedor Alekseevich managed to almost completely rebuild wooden Moscow into stone. He provided Muscovites with interest-free loans for the construction of model chambers. Moscow was changing before our eyes. Thousands of houses were erected, thus solving the housing problem of the capital. For some, this irritated, the king was accused of squandering the treasury. Nevertheless, Russia under Fedor turned into a major power, and its heart, Red Square, became the face of the country. His environment was no less amazing - enterprising, well-educated people from humble families worked alongside him for the glory of Russia. And here Peter followed in his footsteps.
Foreign policy successes
The internal reorganization of the state was supplemented by the foreign policy of Fyodor Alekseevich. He was already trying to return access to the B altic Sea to our country. The Bakhchisaray peace treaty in 1681 annexed the Left-Bank Ukraine to Russia. In exchange for three cities, Kyiv became part of Russia in 1678. A new southern post appeared near the city of Izyum, thus, most of the fertile lands were annexed to Russia - about 30 thousand square kilometers, and new estates were formed on it, provided to the nobles who served in the army. And it justified itself completely - Russiadefeated the Turkish army, which was superior in number and equipment.
Under Fyodor Alekseevich, and not under Peter, the foundations were laid for a regular army in the field, formed according to a completely new principle. The Lefortovsky and Butyrsky regiments were created, which later did not betray Peter at the Battle of Narva.
Egregious injustice
The silence about the merits of this tsar is inexplicable, because under him literacy in Russia increased three times. In the capital - at five. Documents testify that it was under Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov that poetry flourished, under him, and not under Lomonosov, the first odes began to be composed. It is impossible to count what this young king managed to do. Now many people talk about the triumph of historical justice. When it is restored, it would be good to pay tribute to this king not at the level of essays, but to perpetuate his name on the pages of history books so that everyone knows from childhood what a wonderful ruler he was.
