Architecture is a branch of art aimed at the design and construction of buildings and structures. A structure is anything that is artificially created to fulfill the various needs of mankind. A building is an elevated structure that has an internal space and is intended for any activity or human habitation. Other underground, surface and underwater structures are called engineering. They are needed to perform technical tasks: the creation of bridges, tunnels, roads.
This article is partly based on Vilchik's textbook on the architecture of buildings and structures.
So, the architecture contains several properties:
1. Material environment. In this meaning, it is used to meet the needs of society, that is: building houses, enterprises, offices, educational and entertainment facilities.
2. Art. First of all, these are historical and modern buildings that have an emotional effect on a person.
Basic architecture of buildings and structures
When designing andwhen creating buildings, several requirements must be met:
- functional expediency;
- correspondence of volume to social needs;
- comfortable filling of the room with people;
- unhindered evacuation;
- ensure good visibility and audibility;
- shaping people's aesthetic ideas;
- harmony with the environment;
- technical feasibility and economy.
All these aspects are important, but there is also the main requirement for the architecture of buildings and structures: to be useful and convenient.
Varieties of buildings
Classification of the architecture of buildings and structures implies 3 types:
1. Civil. These include residential and public buildings, the purpose of which is to serve the needs of people.
2. Industrial. These are structures where industrial equipment is stored and labor activity takes place.
3. Agricultural. Buildings for keeping animals, growing crops, and storing products.
Residential and public buildings
1. Residential buildings. When designing them, special attention is paid to ventilation and insolation (that is, exposure to sunlight). Based on this, they have windows, vents, exhaust ventilation with natural draft.
Residential buildings are classified according to length of stay at:
- long-term (apartment buildings);
- multi-apartment sectional buildings (set of end andordinary sections);
- city-type high-rise buildings (multi-section, corridor, gallery);
- homestead-type houses.
- temporary (dormitories).
Horms are being built for:
- students;
- young professionals;
- young families.
The hostel has facilities for cultural, medical care and accommodation. A more detailed layout depends on the specific type of building.
2. Short-term (hotels and hotels).
3. Public buildings.
The architecture of public buildings and structures implies social services for the population. In addition, they house various administrative units.
The architecture of civil buildings and structures is divided into several types depending on the purpose:
- shopping (shops, malls);
- educational (schools and kindergartens);
- administrative;
- transport and communications (stations, television centers);
- treatment-and-prophylactic (polyclinics, sanatoriums, hospitals);
- cultural and educational (theaters and museums).
Settlement planning
The territory is divided into zones:
- residential (center, districts and neighborhoods);
- production;
- landscape and recreational (forests and parks).
Sanitary and fire safety standards (SNiP - 1.07.01-89 "Planning and development of urban and rural settlements") require compliance with gaps - the distances between the ends of buildings and windows. There are also other types of civilbuildings:
- Large-panel buildings are assembled from blanks of large planar parts of walls, ceilings and other structures.
- Beskarkasnye (with transverse and longitudinal load-bearing walls) are easier to build and more often used in mass housing construction.
- Frame (consist of racks and crossbars) are mainly used for public buildings.
- Large-block (walls consist of large stones, blocks of expanded clay or cellular concrete weighing up to 3 tons) buildings.
Industrial buildings
For the successful implementation of the architecture of industrial enterprises, buildings and structures, specific data about the features of the object are needed. Namely:
- geographic (climate, topographic survey of the territory, hydrogeological and engineering-geological data);
- technological (this is the main factor for making architectural, sanitary and engineering decisions):
- overall height of stationary equipment;
- number of employees;
- information about intrashop transport;
- technological equipment layout plan;
- opportunities of the construction organization.
Such buildings are designed on the basis of unified overall schemes (production facilities for various industries) and standard spans (placement of technologically related industries). Space-planning parameters:
- height;
- step;
- span.
Gridcolumns - the sum of the distances between the columns in the longitudinal and transverse directions.
Architecture of industrial buildings and structures includes:
1. Single storey buildings. This type of industry is most common. It is designed for workflows with horizontal production schemes, which involves the operation of large equipment. Divided into:
a) frame (this is a system of columns that is associated with the coating) - the most common;
b) with an incomplete frame (there are supports: columns, brick pillars);
c) frameless with external bearing walls and bulges (pilasters);
d) hipped buildings do not have external walls and vertical supports. The foundation serves as a support directly.
2. Multi-storey. They are built for industrial buildings with a vertical technological scheme or for those enterprises that use light equipment (food, light industry). They come with a full and incomplete frame, with load-bearing walls.
Types of multi-storey buildings:
- production;
- laboratory;
- administrative and domestic.
Fencing parts of the coating of industrial structures may consist of:
- vapor barrier;
- sheet and roll roofing;
- bearing flooring;
- protective layer of fine gravel or sand with bituminous mastic;
- thermal insulation;
- cement or asph alt leveling screed.
Coatings are made of reinforced concrete ribbed slabs. They may be insulated orcold. It depends on the temperature regime of the room itself.
Agricultural buildings and structures
Such buildings are designed to serve various industries in this area. Their classification by purpose is as follows:
1. Livestock (cowsheds, stables, pigsties, sheepfolds).
These are large buildings (more than 35 m). They are designed rectangular, without height difference and with unified spans of a specific direction. If the width of the building is not more than 27 meters, the roof is laid from corrugated asbestos-cement sheets. For large buildings, mastic or roll materials are used.
2. Poultry farms (incubators and poultry houses).
3. Cultivation (greenhouses and greenhouses, greenhouses). These are glazed buildings with artificially created climatic conditions. They allow you to grow vegetables, flowers and seedlings.
4. Warehouse (storage of grain and vegetables, warehouse of mineral fertilizers). Vaults differ depending on the storage method:
- bunker;
- money;
- outdoor.
These are unheated rectangular rooms without natural light and attics. Have frame or load-bearing walls.
5. For the repair of machinery and processing of agricultural products (mill, dryers for grain). Agricultural building requirements:
- architectural (corresponding to the appearance of the structural basis of the building);
- functional (full satisfaction with the purpose of the structure withfull compliance with sanitary and hygienic and other operating standards);
- technical (make a building sustainable, durable and strong, with fire-resistant structural elements);
- economic (reducing construction costs by reducing labor and time).
The main types of structures are summarized below.
1. Depending on space-planning solutions:
- one-story (pavilion, interlocked with a large grid of columns);
- multi-storey (for poultry and livestock). The layout depends on the conditions of the animals. The buildings have natural light with an air heating system.
2. According to the features of the spatial arrangement of supporting structures:
- frame (frame and post-and-beam);
- with incomplete frame;
- frameless (with exterior walls made of stone or brick).
Most common agricultural buildings:
- glulam frame;
- reinforced concrete with beamless trusses;
- with walls made of lightweight concrete panels and floor slabs;
- from metal-wood trusses and arches, as well as from reinforced concrete columns;
- with walls and coverings made of metal sheets and insulated asbestos-cement panels.
Long-span buildings and structures
About the architecture of buildings and structures, a definition of large-span buildings and structures is given. Textbook N. P. Vilchik informs: this is a type of structure in whichoverlap occurs only with large-span load-bearing structures (more than 35 meters). The architecture of large-span buildings and structures classifies buildings depending on the material into:
- metal;
- reinforced concrete;
- steel-reinforced concrete.
Single-story structures are most often used for the arrangement of heavy industry enterprises.
Benefits:
- uniformity of lighting;
- lower cost;
- profitable construction using soft soils.
Flaws:
- considerable expenses during the operation itself;
- heat loss due to space;
- large building area of a piece of land.
Span sizes from 10 to 30 meters are considered the most economical. If necessary, they can be increased up to 50 meters.
When choosing the location of machines and the grid of columns, you need to take into account the turn of production vehicles. On average, this is a radius of 1.6 - 2.92 meters indoors and 2.5 - 5.44 - outside.
The height inside the building depends most of all on the dimensions of the crane (1.6 -3.4 meters).
The textbook on the architecture of large-span buildings and structures also describes that for the design of a one-story building, it is very important to ensure sufficient air exchange. This can be achieved with well-chosen heaters and ventilation devices (vents and windows).
Multi-storey large-span buildings have their own characteristics.
They are:
- top coat andfloors are made of concrete or hollow stones;
- the frame is made of steel elements with an internal fire-resistant lining, as well as reinforced concrete structures;
- staircases, end walls and frame structures take on wind loads;
- Brick cladding covered with cement mortar with reinforced wire mesh will provide fire protection for steel rolled profiles. You can also use shotcrete cover for this purpose.
The main function of load-bearing elements is to absorb loads.
Divided into 5 kinds of load-bearing active systems:
- In shape (arches and shrouds). These are curvilinear structures of strained rigid or flexible elements.
- Vector. External loads are balanced by internal compressive and tensile forces that appear in the rigid parts of spatial and flat gratings.
- By section (beams, panels, frames). Structures work mainly in bending. External loads are compensated by stresses that occur in cross sections.
- On the surface (folds and shells). The perception of external loads occurs due to stretching, compression and shear.
- By height (high-rise buildings of frame and stem type).
This classification was compiled by Heino Engel, the author of educational materials on construction for students in educational institutions.
Ground
Speaking about the architecture of buildings and structures, one cannot avoid the issue of designgrounds. For this, soil or rock is used - soil. It is a system with many components that tends to change over time. Depending on its natural state, the soil is of two types:
1. Natural. It is able to withstand the load in its natural form.
2. Artificial. This is a material that is additionally compacted, since in its natural state it does not have the necessary bearing capacity. Soil settlement - uniform change, deformation of the base of the building. Subsidence is an uneven change in the soil due to its compaction, deformation of the soil structure from various external loads.
It is categorically impossible to allow such phenomena as subsidence, because they entail turns of the foundation, cause its destruction. Therefore, certain norms for the amount of sediment have been established. They range from 80 to 150 mm. The building foundation requirements are as follows:
- good bearing capacity;
- small uniform compressibility;
- no increase in volume when moisture freezes (such a process is called heaving);
- elimination of dissolution and erosion by groundwater;
- avoiding drawdowns and landslides;
- no creep.
Soils are:
- sandy;
- large clastic;
- clay;
- bulk;
- loess;
- rock.
Educational literature
There are many textbooks on architecturecivil and industrial enterprises, buildings and structures. Here are some of them:
1. Textbook N. P. Vilchik "Architecture of buildings and structures" contains general information about all types of buildings. Considers the design of structures of civil, industrial and agricultural buildings, as well as their reconstruction. Published in 2005 in accordance with the state educational standard of secondary vocational education in the speci alty "Construction and operation of buildings and structures".
2. Textbook by E. N. Belokonev “Fundamentals of the architecture of buildings and structures”
Contains brief information about the history, design of buildings and structures.
The architecture of large-span buildings and structures is discussed in detail in the textbook by A. N. Zverev "Large-span roof structures of public and industrial buildings". Other aids are used:
- A. V. Demina, “Buildings with long-span roofs".
- Yu. I. Kudishin, E. I. Belenya, “Metal constructions”.
- I. A. Shereshevsky, “Construction of civil buildings".
These textbooks on architecture of buildings and structures are intended for students of colleges and universities in environmental and construction areas, as well as for construction companies and individual developers.
Building shapes
Geometry in the architecture of buildings and structures plays a very important role, because the reliability and durability of the entire structure directly depends on it.
Until now, Egyptianpyramids.
It is the shape of a regular quadrangular pyramid that provides the greatest stability.
The post-beam system is the most ancient in the geometry of the architecture of buildings and structures. It consists of rod-bearing parts that can be located vertically (columns and poles) and horizontally (a special bar that works on transverse bending under the force of vertical loads).
The frame consists of columns and beams, which are united by hard horizontal disks and vertical braces.
Change in the architecture of buildings and structures occurs in the coordination of the project on reconstruction work. When they are carried out, it is possible to transform materials and plastics of external elements, as well as the creation and destruction of window and door openings, the installation of external technical equipment, the glazing of loggias and balconies.
Reconstruction work is carried out in order to improve the performance of the premises.
The architecture of civil and industrial buildings and structures is associated with huge financial expenses. They can be reduced in several ways:
- lightweight design;
- best construction method;
- appropriate selection of materials.
Location of residential and industrial areas
Requirements for residential area location:
- non-windy side;
- located upstream of rivers and terrain;
- being at least 50 meters apart from the industrial zone through a green strip.
- the production area shouldbe located on the leeward side (in relation to the residential), downstream of the rivers and the relief.
Activities in the field of architecture are carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the RF State Committee for Housing and Construction Policy. They relate to the composition of the architectural and planning task for the design and construction of buildings, structures and their complexes.
This task refers to the documents that are the basis for obtaining a building permit. Helps regulate and control investment construction and land use.
Grounds for issuing an architectural and planning task:
- customer request;
- investment justification;
- decision of the executive authority;
- a set of documentation certifying the ownership of a land plot.
The main task of the architecture of civil and industrial buildings and structures is the compactness of development, convenient connection with roads and other industrial complexes.
