Derivative and non-derivative preposition, first of all, is a service part of speech. It links words together and shows their dependence on each other. Prepositions cannot be used separately; they always stand next to pronouns, nouns or numerals. So…
Preposition
Literally, "preposition" means "before the word" and, indeed, they always appear before the words they are combined with.
There are only four exception prepositions, which are located both before and after the combined words. This is:
• for boredom, for boredom;
• go towards fate, go towards fate;
• contrary to laws, contrary to dreams;
• contrary to plans, contrary to plans.
In terms of frequency of use, prepositions take place immediately after nouns, verbs and pronouns.
The subordinating relationship between significant words is determined precisely by means of prepositions.
When grammatical relations are combined from a combination of the oblique case of a noun and a preposition, the meaning of the latter is obtained.
BIn phrases, the connection between words is carried out at the expense of endings and prepositions. For example, follow mom.
Prepositions and cases
In most cases, prepositions are used with any one case:
- with the genitive case, you can use the derivative and non-derivative preposition y, as well as for, before, from and others;
- the preposition to is combined with the dative case, even in Russian there are those that are not used at all with other cases, except for the dative - thanks to, contrary to, according to, contrary to, towards;
- with the accusative case about, through, through, etc.;
- with creative - before, above, between;
- and with prepositional - oh, at.
Some prepositions are used with two cases at once, for example:
- prepositions in and on are equally correct to use with words in the accusative and prepositional cases;
- under and behind - in accusative and creative.
The prepositions from and to can appear before words in the genitive, accusative and instrumental cases.
No prepositions are used with the nominative case at all.
Thus, by the preposition in front, you can find out in which case the word is, which is of great importance for the correct spelling of endings.
The main morphological feature of a preposition is immutability.
Prepositions by structure
Distinguish prepositions by structure, meaning, relationship, origin and structure.
Structurally, prepositions can consist of one word - simple (about, y, in, on, with and others), from two words connected by a hyphen -complex (due to, over, etc.), as well as from several words - compound (despite, in connection with, etc.).
Prepositions by meaning
There are digits in the meaning of prepositions:
- Prepositions of space show where the action took place - from, to, to, at, above, from under, etc. Looked out from under the table, came to the stream, lies by the table.
- Temporal indicate the time of events - before, at, before, through and others. Got up before dawn, came at five o'clock, will be in ten minutes.
- Causal prepositions direct us to the cause of what is happening - thanks to, from, in view of, etc. He entered due to luck, cried for joy, skipped due to illness.
- Prepositions target direct us to the goal of the action - for, for the sake of, and so on. Bought for breakfast, shouted for laughs.
- Prepositions of the mode of action direct us to the mode of action - without, in, from, with and others. Without fear, with reproach.
- Objective prepositions show the subject on which the action is being performed - about, about, with, about, etc. Heard about the weather, found out about the performance.
One-valued prepositions are used with a single case, multi-valued - with several. Depending on the case construction, the meaning of the preposition may change. Some have more than thirty.
Prepositions non-derivatives and derivatives
Classification is a separate blockprepositions by structure and origin.
Non-derivative prepositions have always been, they are considered primitive, and they have always been prepositions. Like this? It becomes clear from the definition of derivative prepositions, which were originally other parts of speech (for example, adverbs), and with the development of the language they began to be used as prepositions - about, behind, in part. Also, derivatives include prepositions made up of several simple ones - because of, over.
Derived prepositions also have their own ranks depending on the part of speech from which they are formed:
• from adverbs - adverbial prepositions, they indicate space and time - instead of, against, through and others;
• from nouns - denominative prepositions, express object, and sometimes adverbial relations - like, during, in part;
• from verbs - verbal, they are formed from gerunds (verbal forms) and show circumstantial relationships: excluding, despite, etc.
Spelling prepositions
All derivative and non-derivative prepositions are written separately from words. The spelling is checked with a question that can be inserted between them. For example, on the table, on the (what?) table.
If prepositions are made from adverbs, they are written together: run towards the sun. It is important to learn to distinguish between prepositions and adverbs. The former are not used without nouns or pronouns: approach towards (adverb), approach towards (preposition) a traffic light.
You need to remember that derivative prepositions in view of, like, about, instead of, like, due to are writtentogether.
Another way to distinguish non-derivative and derivative prepositions from other parts of speech is to replace it with a preposition that is similar in meaning. For example: because of a breakdown, the car could not drive - because of a breakdown, the car could not drive.
Ending - e is written in such prepositions as: during, in continuation, due to. The reason for this spelling was their origin - these prepositions are formed from the form of the accusative case. To distinguish them from nouns, one should try to substitute a definition: in the turbulent flow of the river, in the languid continuation of sleep. If this succeeded, then you have a noun with a preposition in front of you.
Through a hyphen, paired derivative prepositions are written from under, over and others.
Prepositions non-derivatives and derivatives have their exceptions - words with special spellings. Through ends with a soft sign. The sun was breaking through the thick darkness. But the preposition near, just like vice versa, is written without a soft sign at the end: near the stream. The prepositions according and thanks are in front of a noun or pronoun in the dative case, but not in the genitive - thanks to the efforts.
Unified spelling of derivative and non-derivative prepositions
In the middle is written together when expressing spatial relationships: in the middle of that sea.
Despite, despite - in contrast to the gerund with a preposition, they are written together and take on a concessive meaning. We walked despite the rain. Despite him, the girl passed by.
Similar in meaninglike, it seems to be spelled together. Like rowan berries. Look at the similarity of isosceles triangles.
In the representation about, about, the preposition about has a continuous spelling. Compare: he gave instructions about subbotnik. He instructed to deposit money into the account.
It is also written towards, but do not confuse with for a meeting. For example, towards a sunny day; to meet his youth.
A rather complex derivative preposition, which is not similar to a noun not only in continuous spelling, but also with the final letter e - as a result. It is a synonym for the preposition because of. No one was hurt as a result of the earthquake. Some changes have been made to the investigation. There is also an adverb later, it is also always written together and with a letter and at the end.
Following is written together when it is a synonym for the preposition for. She followed him quickly. We moved one after another.
Looks like or sort of spelled together. Like a shadow, or maybe a light. There were often merry fellows in his family.
Assuming a causal or investigative meaning, the preposition in view of (because of) has a continuous spelling. Due to the strong storm, the signal was weak. If it concerns space, then it is written separately. There was nothing special about these bushes. Exception: be aware.
Separate writing of prepositions
The list of derivative and non-derivative prepositions that are written separately looks like this:
- in action;
- in connection with;
- in execution;
- change;
- to avoid;
- in conclusion;
- according to;
- in moderation;
- to force;
- throughout;
- as;
- as opposed to;
- to be continued;
- within.
Prepositions and other parts of speech
Prepositions non-derivatives and derivatives especially, often sound similar to other parts of speech. In order not to get confused and not make mistakes when writing them, you should remember a few rules and features.
You can make sure that you have a derivative preposition by replacing it with another one without losing its semantic meaning. Due to lack of materials, the house was not completed. Due to lack of materials, the house was not completed.
| Preposition: derivative and non-derivative prepositions | ||
| Prepositions | Adverbs | Notes |
| opposite the garden | stand opposite |
Derivatives and non-derivatives prepositions: spelling examples. If there is no noun nearby is an adverb. Otherwise - a preposition. |
| in front of the column | fly ahead | |
| near the house | lying near | |
| inside the box | paint inside | |
| around the bathhouse | looked around | |
| along the hedge | sew along | |
| near the sandbox | no one around | |
| according to order | think according to | |
| around the clearing | beauty all around | |
| due to bad weather | he had in mind | |
| dine with you | dine together | |
| to yearn away from home | see in the distance | |
| Prepositions | Nouns | |
| about the offer | funds have been received into the account | |
| due to thunderstorms | amended as a result | |
| during the lecture | during the stream | Prepositions non-derivatives and derivatives that have the meaning of time are interchangeable: among them, during, in continuation. It will help to distinguish them from a noun with a non-derivative preposition that in the case of the latter there is no time value. You can also insert a definition before the noun. |
| continuing what was said | continuation of the article | |
| heard in conclusion | he heard in the review report | |
| due to lack of time | no one believed in his power | |
| Prepositions | Generic participles | |
| thanks to the light | thanks mom | |
| despite the pain | not looking out the window | |
Preposition parsing: morphology
Derivative and non-derivative prepositions: the rule of morphological parsing contains three points.
- Preposition: part of speech. It is necessary to define the preposition and its grammatical meaning (in which phrase it is, which words are used to connect, with what case it is used, with what else).
- Constant morphological features of the preposition (structure, structure, word length).
- Preposition: syntactic role (which member of the sentence is part of).
Attention! Prepositions
To learn how to write derivative and non-derivative prepositions correctly, you need to do the exercises as often as possible. Especially derivatives that were formed from independent parts of speech are so easy to confuse with a noun, adverb or gerund, thereby making a mistake.
The above table will help you quickly remember or learn how to write this or that preposition. Derivative and non-derivative prepositions are found in almost every sentence, their list is very extensive, so when writing, they should be treated with special attention.
