History

20th Army was created at the very beginning of the war on the basis of the Voronezh Military District. At that time, it included a mechanized corps, rifle corps, and a tank division. In July 1941, the army was given over to the Western Front, which defended the territory of Belarus. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Pakistan's army ranks 7th in the world in terms of military personnel. Over the history of this country, it has more than once become the force that overthrew the democratically elected government and brought representatives of its high command to power. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

People who studied in Soviet schools clearly knew that the Black Hundreds were obscurantists and rioters. There was no doubt about this, as well as a desire to look from some other angle at the people who staged bloody pogroms in Russian cities, especially in Moscow and Odessa. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

John Law - Scottish financier, prophet, adventurer, banking romantic, credit wizard, father of inflation - that's what people used to say about him in the 18th century. First, this man turned France into one of the most prosperous countries in Europe, and then drove it into poverty. The first biography of the financier came out during his lifetime and was translated into many languages. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

A little about the concept of "irrigation systems". What are they and where are they used. The first irrigation system arose in ancient Egypt, but what was it like? Are there other uses for irrigation systems besides agriculture?. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Signs of a revolution must be distinguished and distinguished by any novice historian. How are they different from reforms? When do the prerequisites for a revolutionary situation arise? Answers to these and other questions in our article. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

In 2013, according to information published in Forbes magazine, Russia came out on top in the number of dollar billionaires. We present to your attention the list of Russian rich people, which was published in this edition in May 2013. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Maria Selyanina is a world-class confectioner. Being a native of Russia, she proved by her own example that nothing is impossible if you are sincerely passionate about what you are doing. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Emma Goldam is recognized by the permanent head of the FBI, Edgard Hoover, as "America's most dangerous woman." Who is she? Why was she nicknamed "Red Emma"? And how did it influence the assassination of the American president? More about all this in the article. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The world's first constitution in the modern sense appeared in the United States. This concept is understood as the main code of laws that regulates the foundations of the state structure. This is not just a collection of legal acts - it is a fundamental legal framework on which everything else is built. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The term "American" is associated by most of the inhabitants of our planet with a person of European appearance. Some, of course, can imagine a black person. However, Native Americans look a little different. And they are better known under the name "Indians". Where did this concept come from?. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

After the elections to the State Duma of the VI convocation, a protest movement began in Russia. The protesters did not agree with the results of the last elections, they argued that the Duma should be recognized as illegitimate, since it does not reflect the interests of the majority of citizens. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

February 6, 1922, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks decided to establish the State Political Administration. What is GPU? Why were the Bolsheviks not satisfied with the previous punishing and controlling body - the Cheka? We will try to answer in this article. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Taxable estates - estates that paid tax (submit) to the state. In our country, legal inequality lasted until the end of the 19th century. Some paid taxes, others were exempted from them. About which groups of people were included in the taxable estates, will be discussed in this article. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Ober-officer, staff officer - this is the division into ranks of officers in the Russian army until 1917. The last of them was higher - from major to colonel. And the chief officer is a junior officer - from ensign to captain. The concept of "junior" in our case should be distinguished from the term "non-commissioned officer" - a transitional rank between soldiers and officers, which was given to especially distinguished soldiers who did not have a title of nobility. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

According to one version, the dragoon regiments got their name from the French word "dragon". The image of this mythical creature was on the banners of the first regiments. According to another version, the name comes from the term "dragon" - a short French musket of the 16th century. It is possible that both of these factors influenced the name of the new type of troops. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Bagration's flashes is a concept that has become a symbol of the heroism of the Russian soldier, his courage, military skills. Eight times the illustrious generals of Napoleon, having a huge superiority in manpower, tried to take these makeshift field fortifications. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Strategic Arms Limitation Negotiations (SALT) is a series of bilateral agreements between the Soviet Union and the United States of America on the issue of security from nuclear weapons. In total, two rounds of negotiations were held, at which several agreements were signed: SALT-1 and SALT-2. The first was signed in 1972, the second - in 1979. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The date of Napoleon's invasion of Russia is one of the tragic dates in the history of our country. This event gave rise to many myths and points of view regarding the causes, plans of the parties, the number of troops and other important aspects. Let's try to understand this issue and cover Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812 as objectively as possible. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Those citizens who studied during the Soviet Union remember V. Ivanov's painting “V.I. Lenin on a subbotnik with a log in the Kremlin. More than one thousand school essays were written on this topic, expressing approval for the wise grandfather Ilyich, a friend of all children and workers, who, by his own example, proved that he was not afraid of physical labor. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Isabella of Portugal is the mother of one of Spain's favorite historical characters, Isabella of Castile. It is the latter who will be called "Catholic", since she, together with her husband Ferdinand, arranged mass executions, nicknamed the Inquisition in historical science. The mother of the queen of a united Spain was born in the family of Prince Juan of the Avis dynasty, which ruled in Portugal. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The Rzhev-Sychevsk operation is one of those offensive operations that Soviet historians were silent about. It was not customary to talk about her, since she completely failed. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

During the 19th century, a huge number of important events took place in the Russian Empire. During these hundred years, several emperors have changed in the state. If at the beginning of the 19th century Paul I ruled, then at the end it was already Nicholas II. During this period, serfdom was abolished, and the monarchy weakened so much that communist ideals began to gain more and more popularity, which allowed the Bolsheviks to come to power at the beginning of the next century. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Pol Pot was a dictator in Cambodia who was in power from 1963-1979. He is called the "Hitler of the Asian world" for all the atrocities he committed in the country. Read more about his communist ideology, activities and biography in the article. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The mid-1980s brought radical changes to the USSR. The ideology of social consciousness in relation to the social structure and property, the state and political system underwent profound transformations. The communist regime collapsed. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The article is dedicated to the iconic figure - Queen Victoria of Britain. Not every monarch manages to leave behind such a memory as this woman. When historians talk about the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in the second half of the 19th century, they call the country Victorian England, and the very period of time from 1837 to 1901, during which Queen Victoria ruled, is called the Victorian era. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

What is a pictogram? This is a certain sign (or record), denoting the most important and most recognizable features of an object, phenomenon, object, to which, in fact, it indicates. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Thanks to papyri, wall paintings and hieroglyphs carved in stone, we know for sure the names of almost all the pharaohs of the numerous dynasties that ruled Egypt in antiquity. And with the rarest exception, the names of the artisans who created unique works of art and structures that forever glorified the civilization of Ancient Egypt remained unknown. Truly, without crafts, she would have perished forever in the endless African sands, leaving behind nothing but myths and legends. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Kievan Rus is a medieval state that arose in the 9th century. The first Grand Dukes placed their residence in the city of Kyiv, which, according to legend, was founded in the VI century. three brothers - Kiy, Shchek and Khoriv. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Prince Rurik is considered, perhaps, one of the most mysterious figures in Russia. Presumably he was born sometime in 808 in the city of Rerik, now renamed Rarog. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

This review will raise the problem of flooded cities in the world and Russia. We will consider the causes and consequences of their flooding. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

According to the omniscient Wikipedia, the Siberian Khanate is a feudal state that was located in Western Siberia. It was formed in the middle of the fourteenth century. The Turks were the indigenous people of the Khanate. It bordered on the land of Perm, the Nogai Horde, the Kazan Khanate and the Irtysh Teleuts. The northern borders of the Siberian Khanate reached the lower reaches of the Ob, and the eastern borders were adjacent to the Piebald Horde. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

What vessels were made in Ancient Greece? What materials were used to create ancient Greek dishes? The main types of ancient Greek vessels. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Simbirsk province was an administrative-territorial unit of the Russian Empire with the center in the city of Simbirsk. It was created from the governorship of the same name in 1796. This administrative unit lasted until 1924, until it was renamed the Ulyanovsk province. Last modified: 2025-06-01 07:06

The plan for Germany's attack on the USSR was developed in 1940-1941. The Nazi command expected to carry out the military operation as soon as possible. But when developing the plan, a number of mistakes were made, which led to the fall of the Third Reich. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Chelyabinsk is the 7th largest city in Russia in terms of population. Due to its geographical position, it is often called the gateway to Siberia, which accurately reflects its role as an important transport hub and link between Russian regions. The history of the creation of Chelyabinsk and its transformation into one of the most important industrial centers of our country is interesting for everyone who is interested in the past of our Motherland. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Treblinka was one of the most unbelievable Nazi places in terms of its cruelty. The concentration camp, having existed for a little over a year, claimed the lives of almost a million civilians. Consider what this terrible place was like - the Treblinka concentration camp. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Space - airless space, the temperature in which is up to -270°С. In such an aggressive environment, a person cannot survive, so astronauts always risk their lives, rushing into the unknown blackness of the universe. In the process of exploring space, there have been many catastrophes that have claimed dozens of lives. One of such tragic milestones in the history of astronautics was the death of the Challenger shuttle, which resulted in the death of all crew members. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The Paleogene period of the Cenozoic era was distinguished by the widespread dominance of angiosperms and conifers (gymnosperms). The latter were distributed exclusively in high latitudes. In the equatorial part, forests dominated, in which mainly ficuses, palms and various representatives of sandalwood grew. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Kostroma province is located in the European part of the Russian Empire. To plunge into the history of the region, to understand what the Kostroma province was like, just look at the main cities. Architecture will take visitors back in time. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01