History

The conditions for the emergence of capitalism in Russia (an economic system based on private property and freedom of enterprise) developed only in the second half of the 19th century. As in other countries, it did not appear from scratch. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Ancient Mayan civilization that disappeared left a large number of mysteries and secrets for descendants. These tribes, who had extensive knowledge in astronomy, mathematics and cosmology, were among the most developed on the entire South American continent. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Russia repaid the debt of the USSR on March 21, 2017. This was stated by Deputy Minister of Finance of the Russian Federation Sergei Storchak. The last state to which our country owed money was Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Soviet debt amounted to just over 125 million US dollars. According to official data, it will be redeemed in a one-time transaction within 45 days. Thus, by May 5, 2017, our country will completely get rid of the obligations of the Soviet past. Last modified: 2025-06-01 07:06

Today, almost every person daily encounters the concept of "reform". This already familiar word sounds from the mouths of politicians, radio and TV presenters, and also constantly appears in books, the media and other sources. What does this concept mean and what are its types?. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

According to the French themselves, in the novels of the sword and sword, Alexandre Dumas gave the most impartial portrait of King Louis XIII. This is a weak, and weak-willed, and changeable, and cold, and cruel, and avaricious sovereign, who is in the shadow of the great Cardinal Richelieu. But in fact, this little-known ruler, if you look closely at him, can overshadow the glory of both his father Henry IV and the son of Louis XIV. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Francis 1 of Valois ruled his state for a long 32 years. During these years, thanks to his love of art, the Renaissance came to France. At the same time, his internal policy significantly strengthened the absolutist features of royal power. This controversial monarch and his manner of government will be discussed in this article. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

In recent years, Thailand has become one of the favorite holiday destinations of many Russians. They are attracted by the magnificent beaches of this country, its rich cultural heritage and the abundance of exotic fruits. At the same time, only a few are familiar with the history of the state of Thailand. This article will help fill this gap. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

In terms of equality and stability, Sweden is perhaps one of the most exemplary democracies in the world. Created by Carl Gustav XVI, the monarchy and the royal family in this country have fairly strong roots and great public support. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Poneva is a swing skirt, part of the Russian women's national costume. A variety of embroidery, patterned fabric and bright combinations of red, blue, white and green colors made this skirt a real work of arts and crafts. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

There are a large number of unique people in the history of the world. They were simple children, often brought up in poverty, and did not know good manners. It was these people who changed the course of history dramatically, leaving behind only ashes. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Lenya Golikov is one of the heroes of his country who made a considerable contribution to achieve victory in the Great Patriotic War. The feat of Leni Golikov, a summary of which is described in this article, was evaluated with the Gold Star medal and the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In many publications, Leonid Golikov is referred to as a pioneer, and he is on a par with the same fearless young personalities as Marat Kazei, Vitya Korobkov, Valya Kotik, Zina Portnova. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

M. S. Gorbachev, with his characteristic eloquence, explained to the "ordinary people" crowded around him that perestroika meant that everyone did their own thing. A natural question arose: what did everyone do before 1985? But highly experienced Soviet citizens did not ask him. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

He is known as one of the most controversial personalities in the history of England, the founder of the long-lasting royal line of Tudors. It was he, Henry VII, who ended the long-term Wars of the Roses (1455-1485). He established peace for a long, by the standards of those years, 24 years. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Many of us are familiar with the phrase "Religion is the opium of the people." Often people use it in their everyday speech, but not everyone thinks about its authorship. And yet, who first said these words? And why are they so widespread?. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The guerrilla movement is an integral part of a protracted military conflict. The detachments, in which people were united by the idea of the liberation struggle, fought on an equal footing with the regular army, and in the case of a well-organized leadership, their actions were highly effective and largely decided the outcome of the battles. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Questions about the origin of power have been worrying historians, political scientists and philosophers for many hundreds of years. When and under what conditions did the hierarchy arise? What is the reason for the necessity of subordinating people to each other?. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

This device has become so familiar to us today that we cannot even imagine that when humanity could exist without it. We are talking about such an ordinary, but vital device as a traffic light. Let's learn more about the history of the appearance of this device in the world and in the USSR, and also consider its types. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Candies in the USSR were one of the main treats that Soviet children could afford. They were given for the holidays, they were treated to birthdays, on weekends parents spoiled their kids with delicious sweets that were not always easy to get. Of course, the variety of sweets was not as great as it is now, but the most famous and successful brands have survived to this day and are still popular. Let's talk about some of them. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Few of the heroes of Russian history have undergone such artistic deformation as Count Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov. A lot of people worked on this deformation: artists, writers, filmmakers. Well, for example, Nikolai Eremenko succeeded in this - a wonderful actor in the image of a sinister heartthrob and the destroyer of an innocent darling Princess Tarakanova … Meanwhile, the person was unique. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The famous Thursdays of Princess Elena Pavlovna were for the progressive minds of Russia a place that would now be called a social platform. Well, the princess herself played the role of a top-level content manager. All the great reforms of that time began with discussions right there, in the Mikhailovsky Palace. The abolition of serfdom, including. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

World history contains a huge number of events, names, dates, which are placed in several tens or even hundreds of different textbooks. Different authors have different views on certain circumstances, but they are united by facts that must be told one way or another. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

There are a lot of concepts in history. Not all of them are studied at school or explained in detail for a detailed understanding of the object designated by the concept. One of these words is international. In the article we will tell you what it means and what role it played in history. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The Venetian Republic was formed at the end of the seventh century in Europe. The capital was the city of Venice. In the northeastern territories of modern Italy, the republic did not stop, forming colonies in the basins of the Marmara, Aegean and Black Seas and the Adriatic. Existed until 1797. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was created in 1816 and did not last long, only until 1861. Although the period of the life of the state was extremely small, the prehistory of its emergence dates back several centuries. Bloody wars, the overthrow of entire dynasties, the coronation and expulsion of various monarchs link together a chain of historical events that led to the appearance and then the disappearance of an entire kingdom. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The Austrian Empire was proclaimed as a monarchical state in 1804 and lasted until 1867, after which it was transformed into Austria-Hungary. Otherwise, it was called the Habsburg Empire, by the name of one of the Habsburgs, Franz I, who, like Napoleon, also proclaimed himself emperor. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

From a modest middle-class family who went all the way to Italy's stern dictator, Benito Mussolini literally raised his followers from scratch. His campaign was driven by the dissatisfaction with the Italian economy and political situation at the time. The March on Rome is the uprising that brought Benito Mussolini to power in Italy at the end of October 1922. It marked the beginning of fascist rule and the death of previous parliamentary regimes. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Kings of Italy is a title worn by the rulers of the kingdoms located on the territory of the modern state. After the collapse of the Roman Empire in northern Italy, the Italian (Lombard) kingdom was formed. For almost 800 years, it was part of the Holy Roman Empire, when the title of the Italian king was carried by its emperors. In 1804, the Kingdom of Italy was created by French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Third world countries, or, as they are commonly called, developing territories, are a clear confirmation of the economic principle of "80% -20%". Only here is the ratio of population and gross domestic product to world. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich Romanov was one of the few politicians who recognized the need for change in Russia. With his participation, the most important peasant and judicial reforms were adopted. This article tells about how this happened, and about other events from the biography of the Grand Duke. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who ascended the throne in 1645, was the second ruler from the Romanov dynasty and the tenth sovereign in Russia. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich The son of Mikhail Fedorovich grew up surrounded by "mothers", and his "uncle" was the famous boyar B. Morozov. At the age of thirteen, the crown prince is “announced” to the people, and after the death of his father, he ascends the throne. At first, the state was practically ruled by his mentor, and not by the young and inexperienced king. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

After the end of the October Revolution, the first Soviet power established itself in most of the country. This happened in a fairly short time - until March 1918. In most provincial and other large cities, the establishment of Soviet power passed peacefully. In this article, we will look at how this happened. Last modified: 2025-06-01 07:06

It's hard to imagine that a toy was once in short supply, but that's exactly what dolls used to be in the USSR. What did our grandmothers and mothers play with during the Soviet Union?. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The article describes the appearance of the first copper coins in Russia during the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, as well as their role in the implementation of the financial reform carried out by Peter I. A brief outline of the main stages of the introduction of these units of monetary circulation is given. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

This was the backbone of the military, cutting through foot troops like a knife through butter. Any cavalry regiment was able to attack ten times the enemy's foot forces, because it had maneuverability, mobility and the ability to strike quickly and powerfully. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

How many beautiful places do you know? Undoubtedly, if you begin to remember beautiful landscapes, then many pictures from your fantasy will be from the Ukrainian Republic. This most beautiful corner cannot but delight with its beauties, but not only they can capture your attention. This republic has a rich past and you need to know about it too. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Regardless of the attitude of scientists of one time or another to the division of the entire historical process, in general, few people doubt today that the initial stage in the formation of society was the primitive communal system. This period covered a fairly wide time span. One of the characteristic features of the earliest system was matriarchy. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The article is devoted to the characterization of the main character of Dragunsky's stories. The work briefly outlines some storylines and characters. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

What is an epoch? In the historical sense, this word means a period of time with its characteristic phenomena and events. Each period is represented by certain persons, that is, the past is personified by giving it the name of a person who played a key role in shaping the spirit of the time. In Russian history, such periods are personified by Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great, Joseph Stalin. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The Iran-Iraq war is one of the largest local conflicts of the 20th century. It was marked by the use of chemical weapons and the ruthlessness of opponents to each other. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

In Russian, there are often two or more interpretations of words. As a rule, the values are always completely different. The meaning of the word "destiny" is interpreted in the first case as a land allotment, an inheritance received from a father by a son. In the second case, it is fate, predestination. Well, what do these words have in common?. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01