Bryophytes are also called true mosses or bryophytes. All species are combined into about 700 genera, which, in turn, make up about 120 families
Science 2024, November
Who are the boyars? This is the upper class that existed in Russia from the 10th to the 17th century. The privileged class also included the great and specific princes
Ricinoleic acid: description of the substance, physical and chemical properties. Methods of obtaining and its derivatives. Application in the chemical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The effect of ricinoleic acid on living organisms
Root is the underground axial element of plants, which is the most important part of them, their main vegetative organ. The article discusses the types of roots and types of root systems, as well as their distinctive characteristics
Bromine water is bromine diluted with water. It is customary to write it in the reaction equations through such a formula - Br2, although it is in solution in the form of a mixture of two acids - HBrO (hypotensive acid) and HBr (hydrobromic acid). This compound has a yellow-orange color and a fairly low freezing point. Is a strong oxidizing agent
What is amber, what physical and chemical properties does it have. What is the density of amber and what does it depend on. Other useful qualities of the mineral
Robert Andrews Milliken, whose brief biography will be presented to your attention in the article, was born on March 22, 1868, in the city of Morrison, which is located in Illinois. His father, Silas Franklin Milliken, was a clergyman in the Congregational Church, his mother, Mary Jane Milliken, worked for a long time as dean of Olivet College, which is located in Michigan. Also, in addition to Robert, the family had two more boys and three girls
The discovery of nuclear fission began a new era - the "atomic age". The potential of its possible use and the ratio of risk to benefit from its use have not only generated many sociological, political, economic and scientific achievements, but also serious problems. Even from a purely scientific point of view, the process of nuclear fission has created a large number of puzzles and complications, and its full theoretical explanation is a matter of the future
The article talks about what a natural community is. It talks about the various relationships between all elements of the community
The article tells about what nuclear fission is, how this process was discovered and described. Its use as a source of energy and nuclear weapons is revealed
The time zones of the United States of America are six time zones. They affect the lives of not only US citizens, but also the daily routine of the population of neighboring countries
The bulk of the country's citizens (79%) are in the western federal states. The population density of Germany is distributed unevenly across the state. If in areas with developed industry (the agglomerations of the Ruhr and the Rhine) there are one thousand one hundred people per square kilometer, then in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania there are only seventy-six citizens per km2. At the same time, Germany ranks fourth in Europe in terms of population density (231 people per km2)
The design resistance of wood is an important indicator in the design of wooden structures. Wood is a durable, but malleable material that will not always be able to withstand the planned loads. In order for the wood not to collapse during operation under the influence of loads and external factors, it is necessary to calculate its ability to resist external influences
The device and principle of operation of a nuclear reactor are based on the initialization and control of a self-sustaining nuclear reaction. It is used as a research tool, for the production of radioactive isotopes, and as an energy source for nuclear power plants
Biotechnology has taken a startling step forward over the past century. Numerous new techniques have been discovered, cell cultures, genome editing, and more. All this allows us to better learn how the world works, how organisms work and a number of other interesting things
Many discoveries have been made throughout the history of science. However, only a few of them we have to deal with every day. It is impossible to imagine modern life without what Hertz Heinrich Rudolf did
What is visualization? The concept itself is quite multifaceted. There are several definitions depending on the field of activity in question. The purpose of visualization is to communicate data. This means that the data must come from something abstract, or at least not be immediately obvious. Visualization of objects excludes photography and image processing, this is the transformation from invisible to visible
The article is devoted to environmental research. Various directions for the implementation of these activities, the scope of work, etc. were considered
In this article you will learn what the principles of radio communication are and how they are used in modern electronics
The article describes the profession "ichthyologist", indicates the main functional duties of this specialist and the features of his work
Matrix algebra is a branch of algebra that studies matrices and various operations on them. A matrix is a mathematical object written as a rectangular table of elements of a ring or field (for example, integer, real or complex numbers), which is a collection of rows and columns at the intersection of which its elements are located
Mutation process is a hereditary sudden change provoked by a sharp functional and structural transformation of the genetic material. In most cases, it initially has an adverse effect on the phenotype of individuals
"Geology is a way of life," a geologist is likely to say when asked about his profession, before moving on to dry and boring formulations, explaining that geology is the science of the structure and composition of the earth, about the history of its birth, formation and patterns of development, about the once innumerable, and today, alas, "estimated" riches of its bowels. Other planets of the solar system are also objects of geological research
Flickering in the days of confrontation with an ominous blood-red color and causing primitive mystical fear, the mysterious and mysterious star, which the ancient Romans named in honor of the god of war Mars (Ares among the Greeks), would hardly fit a female name. The Greeks also called it Phaeton for its "radiant and shining" appearance, to which the surface of Mars owes its bright color and "lunar" relief with volcanic craters, dents from giant meteorite impacts, valleys and deserts
Nature is rich in organisms of different types. The kingdoms of animals, plants, fungi and microorganisms coexist on the same territory. They constantly interact with each other: some help, others harm
One of the factors that characterize society as a whole is the totality of social institutions. Their location seems to be on the surface, which makes them especially successful objects for observation and control
Discoveries in the field of atomic structure have become an important step in the development of physics. Rutherford's model was of great importance. The atom as a system and the particles that make it up has been studied more accurately and in detail. This led to the successful development of such a science as nuclear physics
Scientific organization of labor is a key procedure for maintaining enterprises at the required organizational and technical level of development. The system of applied methods and approaches to control and improve production directly affects the economic component of the activity
After the installation of the pipeline is completed, it is further tested for strength and tightness. A hydraulic or pneumatic method can be used, sometimes they are used in combination. Such a check is necessary in accordance with the requirements of sanitary norms and rules
Nikolai Zhukovsky is a well-known Russian scientist who is most famous in the field of mechanics, is considered the founder of aero- and hydrodynamics. His career fell at the beginning of the 20th century, he was an honored professor at Moscow University, the Imperial Technical School, and was a corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences
The curve described by a point moving at a constant speed along a beam rotating at a constant angular speed around its origin is called "Archimedes' spiral"
Anyone who studied at school knows that the geosphere is a layer inside and outside the planet, which can have different composition and properties. There are several such layers. In our article, we will try to briefly describe what the main geospheres are, how they differ and what is their function. Such general information will be of interest not only to people who professionally study the structure of the Earth's layers, but also to a simple reader for general development
Practically everyone has seen an advertisement for the so-called "Chizhevsky chandelier", from which negative ions in the air increase quantitatively. However, after school, not everyone remembers exactly the very definition of the concept for these particles. Ions are charged particles that have lost their neutrality characteristic of normal atoms. And now a little more
The article describes the essence of X-ray diffraction analysis, which is an important and most common technique for studying the structure of substances
Everything around us on the planet consists of small, elusive particles. Electrons are one of them. Their discovery is relatively recent
In this article we will consider the properties of blood plasma. Blood is of great importance in the metabolic processes of the human body. It includes plasma and shaped elements suspended in it: erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes, which occupy about 40-45%
Great interest for modern astrophysics and cosmology is a special class of phenomena called gamma-ray bursts. For several decades, and especially actively in recent years, science has been accumulating observational data regarding this large-scale cosmic phenomenon. Its nature has not yet been fully elucidated, but there are sufficiently substantiated theoretical models that claim to explain it
Synchrotron radiation is electromagnetic radiation that occurs when charged particles are accelerated radially, that is, when they are subjected to an acceleration perpendicular to their velocity (a ⊥ v). It is produced, for example, in synchrotrons using bending magnets, undulators and/or wigglers
Red mercury has been a source of fear and lust for many people for decades. Simply fantastic possibilities and properties are attributed to this substance. Its price reaches exorbitant amounts. Whether or not it exists, no one really knows
Jan Amos Comenius (born March 28, 1592 in Nivnice, Moravia, died November 14, 1670 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands) was a Czech educational reformer and religious leader. Known for innovative teaching methods, in particular languages