In fantastic stories about the future, there is always the theme of human immortality. This is how the world appears to modern people centuries later - there are no diseases, wars and, of course, death in it. But, unfortunately, modern science cannot give a person eternal life and is just starting to work on creating technologies that would allow you to always stay young and he althy
Science 2024, November
Geology is a science that studies the composition, structure and patterns of development of the planet's interior. This science includes a lot of directions. A geologist is a person who studies the interior of the earth
About 225 million years ago, amazing animals lived on the planet - dinosaurs. How they died out, no one knows for sure. There are several versions of their disappearance
All landforms owe their origin to tectonic movements occurring in the bowels of the earth. Thanks to this, there are plains, hills, mountain systems. Tectonic structures of Russia belong to Eurasia
Venus, like other planets of the solar system, is fraught with many mysteries over which experts have been struggling for many decades. What technological breakthroughs have been made during this time? What data was collected?
Mathematician Gauss was a reserved person. Eric Temple Bell, who studied his biography, believes that if Gauss published all his research and discoveries in full and on time, half a dozen more mathematicians could become famous
Irritability is the ability of an organism or individual tissues to respond to the environment, it is also the ability of a muscle to contract in response to stretching. Excitability is a property of a cell that allows it to respond to irritation or stimulation, for example, the ability of nerve or muscle cells to respond to an electrical stimulus
We come across the word "modification" quite often and roughly understand what it is about. But there are a huge number of meanings of this term, united by a universal definition. This article will consider the phenomenon of modification from the point of view of different spheres of human life and activity, and will also give examples of the manifestation of this concept in science and everyday life. So, modification is a change in some object with the parallel acquisition of new functions or
Family is an integral part of society, one of the most important functions of which is the birth and upbringing of children. It is difficult to socialize in the human world without belonging to this institution
Society is an incredibly interesting subject to study, as understanding the features of its functioning helps ordinary people significantly improve their lives and influence the world in a positive way. To begin to study society, it is necessary to understand what sciences study society. And in order to get an answer to this question, it is necessary to turn to such a complex of sciences as social science, which includes at least six main scientific disciplines
The sociology of labor is a branch of sociology that studies the processes characteristic of society, expressed in the social activity of a person, in his attitude to work, as well as the relationship between people within the same team
Radiocarbon analysis has changed our understanding of the last 50,000 years. Professor Willard Libby first demonstrated it in 1949, for which he was later awarded the Nobel Prize
One of the characteristic properties of any wave is its ability to diffract on obstacles, the size of which is comparable to the wavelength of this wave. This property is used in the so-called diffraction gratings. What they are, and how they can be used to analyze the emission and absorption spectra of different materials, is discussed in the article
The subject of genetic research is the phenomena of heredity and variability. American scientist T-X. Morgan created the chromosome theory of heredity, proving that each biological species is characterized by a certain karyotype, which contains such types of chromosomes as somatic and sex. The latter are represented by a separate pair that differs in male and female. In this article, we will study the structure of female and male chromosomes and how they differ from each other
The great variety of reactions that inorganic compounds can enter into has a frightening effect on young chemists. But in vain! Let us show by the example of CaCl2, H2SO4 that the difficulties here are clearly far-fetched. You just need to study a little theory
Since the deciphering of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953, serious research began, which found out that deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer, and nucleotides serve as DNA monomers. Their types and structure will be studied by us in this work
Quite often, "accidents" (which, as you know, are not accidental) play an important role in a person's life. For example, choosing a path to escape from fate, we meet it there. And the one who finds the answer to the question of why this happens, remains in people's memory for a long time. Largely due to finding non-standard answers to extravagant questions, the scientist Eysenck Hans Jürgen was remembered
Modern popular science and popular literature often uses the terms "synergy", "chaos theory" and "bifurcation point". This new trend of populist use of complex systems theory often replaces the conceptual and contextual meaning of definitions. Let's try not abstrusely, but still close to scientific, to explain to the interested reader the meaning and essence of these concepts
Georges Cuvier is a great zoologist, founder of comparative animal anatomy and paleontology. This man is striking in his desire to study the world around him, and, despite some erroneous views, he made his considerable contribution to the development of science
Seldom does anyone think about how many different sounds exist in nature. Few people know that the sound itself does not exist as such, and what a person hears is just converted waves of a certain frequency
The defining characteristic of all waves is superposition, which describes the behavior of superimposed waves. Its principle is that when more than two waves are superimposed in space, the resulting perturbation is equal to the algebraic sum of the individual perturbations
Academician Boris Viktorovich Raushenbakh is a Soviet and Russian scientist of world renown, one of the founders of cosmonautics in the USSR. Being a mechanical physicist, he was not limited to this specialization. Boris Viktorovich owns scientific works in the field of art criticism, the history of religion, as well as journalistic works on many modern issues
Opisthorchiasis, which is the most severe form of helminthiasis, is caused by the feline fluke parasite, the infection of which occurs in the alimentary way (that is, through food). The danger lies in the fact that these are the only worms that live in the bile ducts of the liver. The development cycle of the parasite and the features of the disease, read our article
The relative molecular weight is characteristic of each substance and will be individual for it. This value is determined for both simple and complex compounds, inorganic and organic. The relative molecular weight of a substance is a physical quantity that is equal to the ratio of the mass of a compound molecule to 1/12 of a carbon atom
The main provisions of the cell theory are a generally accepted biological generalization that proves the unity of the principle of the structure, existence and development of all living organisms that have a cellular structure
Covalent non-polar bond is a bond formed by identical atoms or different elementary particles of a complex compound having equal electronegativity values. With this type of bond, atoms equally share a common electron pair (doublet)
The leaf is the lateral vegetative organ of the shoot and the main assimilating organ of the whole plant. Morphologically, the leaves are very diverse, but the internal structure of the leaf is the same for all species and is quite complex. It is due to the functions that this organ performs - photosynthesis, gas exchange, guttation and evaporation. Also, in addition to the main ones, the leaf can perform additional functions - protection (thorns), a supply of substances (bulb scales) and vegetative reproduction
The laws of inheritance of G. Mendel for monohybrid crossing are preserved in the case of a more complex dihybrid. With this type of interaction, parental forms differ from each other in two pairs of contrasting traits that are inherited independently of each other
Nodule bacteria are microorganisms that belong to the genus Rhizobium. They are able to penetrate into the root system of the plant and live there. However, they are not parasites, because not only bacteria, but the plant itself benefits. This mutually beneficial existence of organisms is called symbiosis. In this case, plants additionally receive atmospheric nitrogen, which is fixed by microorganisms, and the bacteria themselves - carbohydrates and minerals
Type Flatworms has seven classes, of which only one combines free-living forms, and the remaining six classes are parasitic worms. Parasitic worms, or helminths, have adapted to their way of life and therefore are deprived of some organ systems, however, it is in flatworms that the excretory system, bilateral symmetry and three germ layers first appear
What is the biosphere in the modern world? Do its boundaries change due to technological progress, how does a person influence it with his activities? These questions are of interest to many people, since we are part of this living system
The life cycle of a cell is the period from its birth to independent division or death. In the process of the cell cycle, daughter cells are formed that are equivalent in terms of the content of genetic information
Lichens are unique living organisms, inside which a fungus and an algae coexist simultaneously, on which the fungus parasitizes. They provide each other with the necessary elements, which allows them to grow in the most unexpected places: on poor soils, rocks and roofs
Atmospheric pressure is the most important parameter of the atmosphere, which forms cyclones and anticyclones responsible for weather changes. Each part of the planet has its own pressure indicators, and its fluctuations can cause general malaise in humans
The world's population is growing in a hyperbolic progression: at the dawn of mankind it was in the millions, today the number of inhabitants of the Earth exceeds 7 billion. The indicators and characteristics of the country's population are the key to unraveling its economic, cultural and industrial level of development
An individual is any individual representative of the human race. The concept of "individual" is significantly different from the terms "individuality" or "personality"
The word "science" in most people causes the following associations: a thick textbook, white coats and microscopes. At the mention of it, we see an astronomer peering through a telescope, a naturalist in a rainforest, Einstein's equations scrawled on a blackboard, the launch of a space shuttle, and so on. All these images reflect only some aspects, but none of them gives a complete picture, because science is by nature multifaceted
Basic laws of logic can be likened to the principles and rules that operate in nature. However, they have their own specifics, at least in that they operate not in the world around us, but in the plane of human thinking. But, on the other hand, the principles adopted in logic differ from legal norms in that they cannot be repealed. They are objective and act against our will. Of course, one may not reason according to these principles, but then hardly anyone will consider these conclusions reasonable
On the very bottom of the sea live quite unusual and even somewhat "cosmic" creatures - nudibranch molluscs. The latter are peculiar sponges of various shapes and colors. However, despite their attractiveness and outwardly harmless appearance, most of them are real carnivorous predators. Let's find out what these creatures are
Microscopic particles that human vision can only see with a microscope, as well as huge planets and clusters of stars amaze the imagination of people. Since ancient times, our ancestors have tried to comprehend the principles of the formation of the cosmos, but even in the modern world there is still no exact answer to the question “how the Universe was formed”. Perhaps the human mind is not given to find a solution to such a global problem?