To achieve the goals of teaching students, various methods, means and forms of training and education are used. Let's talk in more detail about these components of the educational process in preschool educational institutions, schools, universities and other educational institutions.
Forms of education and upbringing
In modern pedagogical practice, there are several classifications that take into account different characteristics of the forms of education:
- By the method of obtaining knowledge: full-time, part-time, self-education.
- By the number of educational programs: simple and blended learning.
- According to the degree of participation of the teacher: self-education, independent, with the help of a teacher.
- By number of teachers: conventional and binary education.
- According to the form of organization of a single lesson.
Forms: full-time, part-time and self-education
Today, the vast majority of preschool and secondary schools in Russia are full-time, but the so-called evening schools are becoming increasingly popular, which allow after grade 9 to combine receiving special education withwork. Also, within the framework of this characteristic, externalization can be distinguished.
Forms of study by number of programs
According to the number of educational programs, simple and mixed (in two versions) forms of education are distinguished. Simple operates according to the scheme "1 school - 1 program." Blended learning is the participation of several educational institutions in the education of one child (for example, CPC, university complexes, etc.). The second option for blended education is specialized education for high school students (in grades 10 and 11, one or more subjects are studied in depth).
Forms according to the degree of participation of the teacher
There are also self-education, independent learning, obtaining new knowledge, skills and abilities with the help of a teacher (according to the degree of participation of a teacher). Independent learning differs from self-education in that in the first case, the teacher sets the direction. This is the fulfillment of tasks that are given by the teacher, but in the course of independent work. Education with the help of a teacher can be collective (class-lesson and lecture-seminar systems) or individual (schooling at home, for example).
Regular and binary forms of education
According to the number of teachers, ordinary and binary education are distinguished. The usual option is the educational process according to the “1 teacher - 1 class” scheme, and binary education involves inviting another teacher.
Forms of learning by the way the lesson is organized
Pothe way of organizing a single lesson, the form of teaching is chosen by the teacher himself. Game lessons, seminars, debates, master classes, lectures and the like can be held.
Teaching organization methods
The teaching method is the process of effective interaction between the student and the teacher, with the aim of transferring new knowledge, skills or abilities through the educational process. The concept of "method" is diverse. There is still no single approach to the allocation of methods of the educational process in pedagogical science. So, different authors distinguish different methods and means of training and education.
Classification of methods
Traditionally methods are classified as follows:
- Methods of organizing the educational process by the nature of obtaining new knowledge, skills and abilities (multimedia or technical, visual, verbal, and so on); according to the source of educational material (reproductive, heuristic, explanatory-illustrative and others); according to the logic of presentation and perception (deductive and inductive); by the degree of interaction between the participants in the process (passive, interactive, active).
- Control methods: oral and written test papers, peer reviews, self-tests, control and final papers, tests.
- Methods for organizing reflection.
There are also methods and means of education and upbringing designed specifically for certain subjects or achieving certain goals, methods that combine several principles or are individual.
The concept of teaching aids
Means of education and upbringing in preschool educational institutions, general education schools, technical schools, universities and other educational institutions of various levels are all those objects that are used as tools for the activities of a teacher, educator, teacher. In other words, this is the substantive support of the educational process.
Features of learning tools
The main purpose of various means of teaching and upbringing at school is to accelerate the development of the intended educational material by students. Thus, the use of certain means in the process of educational activities brings the results of activities closer to the most effective characteristics.
Levels of education and training
Pedagogical means of teaching and upbringing are used at all stages of the educational process. At the first level (lesson), students can work with tools such as:
- texts and exercises from the textbook or additional teaching materials;
- tasks and exercises, tests for students to solve in the course of independent work;
- laboratory equipment, tools, materials for experiments;
- computer programs on the topic of the lesson, presentation;
- forms of organization of educational activities of students in the lesson;
- various visual aids such as pictures, drawings and diagrams.
The next level is the subject in general. List of teaching aids andeducation at this stage includes didactic materials, textbooks, teaching aids, developments and recommendations on the subject, a developing environment for the accumulation of useful skills in a particular subject.
The third level is the whole learning process. Here, the system of general school requirements, the system of education itself, libraries, classrooms for conducting classes, and so on, are the means of training and education.
Typology of educational facilities
The most diverse classification of means of education and upbringing at the level of individual subjects. For example, the following groups are distinguished:
- Verbal means. This group includes textbooks, teaching aids, exercise books, handouts, tests, diagrams, drawings, and the like, that is, everything that allows you to gain new knowledge through a symbolic system (numbers, letters, icons).
- Visual. It can be: a microscope, drawings, maps, layouts, models, and more. Such means of education and upbringing are perceived through sight.
- Audial. The means are any audio recordings on the topic of the lesson, the information is perceived by the hearing organs.
- Audiovisual. This group includes educational and documentary films, educational videos and other materials that students perceive with both visual and auditory organs.
- Automation tools. Technical means of training and education include computer programs, local telecommunication networks.
Some teachers also distinguish into separate groups among the meanstraining electronic educational resources, educational devices, educational equipment, visual planar means (posters, stands, demonstration models in a section).
Material and ideal means
A different approach to classification by Pidkasisty P. I. The teacher identifies ideal and material means of education and upbringing. To material means, he refers to various physical objects that the teacher uses in the course of the educational process. These can be voluminous (devices, models) and printed (textbooks, posters) manuals, as well as projection material (video, presentations, audio recordings). Ideal learning tools are those knowledge, skills and abilities that students have already mastered and are now using to assimilate new knowledge.
Teaching and learning tools
It is also possible to allocate means of teaching and learning. The teaching tool can be, for example, the equipment for a demonstration experiment, which is used by the teacher to explain some educational material to the students. The means of learning is, for example, equipment for a laboratory workshop, during which students consolidate new knowledge.
Principles for the use of funds
Pedagogical teaching aids should be used taking into account the age characteristics of students and didactic purposes. It is necessary to adhere to diversity, that is, to apply both modern and traditional means in the course of the educational process. In addition, the co-creation of the teacher cannot be excluded.and student.
Means of education and upbringing are as important as the living word of the teacher. These components of the educational process have an impact on all its other elements, namely the goals, methods, content and forms.
