Sports training is understood as a long-term, continuous process during which the main formation of an athlete takes place. He constantly improves his training, going from beginner to master. But in order to achieve good results, it is necessary that the general principles of sports training be followed.
Definition of concept
What are the principles of sports training? These are such important rules that allow you to achieve the highest results.
If we consider pedagogical literature, then in it the word "principle", as a rule, occurs in such a sense as "requirement", "starting position", "basis". The principles of sports training are a reflection of the already studied patterns that prevail in this area of practical activity. It is these rules that the coach should be guided by when organizing sports competitions and training sessions. He is theirsis also used in regulatory practice.
Varieties of principles
In sports practice, two groups of rules for training are used. In the first case, the principles of sports training are general didactic rules that are typical for any process of education and training. This is scientific and active, conscientiousness and educative character, consistency and systematic, accessibility and visibility. This can also include an individual approach that takes place during teamwork. The second group contains the specific principles of sports training.
They reflect the natural connections that exist between the load and the reaction of the athlete's body to it. In the same group there are connections that take place between certain elements that form sports training. The specific principles of sports training are:
- in-depth specialization and focus on the highest achievements;
- continuity of the training process;
- the unity of a gradual increase in loads and focus on their maximum values;
- variability and wavelike loads;
- cyclicity of the training process;- interconnection and unity of the structure of preparedness and competitive activity.
Let's take a closer look at these principles.
Destination for the highest individual result and maximum achievement
Any preparation of an athlete involves his participation in certaincompetitions. At the same time, the coach always sets up his pupil to win and set a record in the conditions of the most intense competition. The general principles of sports training involve the creation of conditions for the moral, aesthetic and intellectual development of the individual. It is they who orient the athlete to the highest achievements. In addition, these principles should serve the public interest.
For the incessant pursuit of the highest results, the most effective means, as well as training methods, are used. At the same time, the very process of classes and the activities of the teacher are intensified, special nutrition systems are used, and the mode of rest, life and recovery of the body is optimized.
The basic principles of sports training, aimed at striving for the highest achievements, cannot be observed without constant improvement of equipment and inventory, as well as the conditions that are created in the venues of the competition and the improvement of their rules.
It is worth noting that the desire to be the first is present not only among professionals. It is also available to those involved in mass sports. For example, a second-class player, in his striving for better results, is trying to fulfill the standard for the 1st category. For him, this goal is the path to maximum achievement. Such facts reflect the main characteristic of the principles of sports training, whichaimed at maximum achievement and obtaining the best result.
Customization and deep specialization
In order to rise to the top of sports glory, a person will need to make great efforts and spend a lot of time preparing. And this becomes the main reason why it is impossible to combine personal sports activities in several sports at the same time. To achieve the highest results, you will need to adhere to the principle of in-depth specialization. And this is confirmed not only by practical experience, but also by scientific research. One person is not able to achieve high achievements at the same time, not only in different sports, but also in several disciplines of the same type. And this fact clearly indicates the importance of the principle of specialization. Its implementation will require the utmost concentration of forces, as well as a lot of time spent on training, which is the preparation of certain numbers of the competitive program.
Advanced specialization should be planned 2 or 3 years before the age considered optimal for maximum results. Its boundaries have a run-up depending on the number of the program, the sport, as well as the gender of the trainee. For example, men who specialize in running long and medium distances are able to achieve maximum athletic performance between the ages of 24 and 28. Sprint swimmers (men) perform best at 19-23, and women from 15 to 18.
Of course, there are examples when age,in which the athlete achieves brilliant results, goes beyond the boundaries of the established norm. However, it tends to occur in those who later started to play sports, or in girls whose bodies develop at an accelerated pace.
Sports specialization should be carried out taking into account the individual abilities of the pupil. Only this will allow him to show his natural talent and satisfy the desire to achieve the highest results. If the subject of specialization is chosen incorrectly, then all the efforts of the athlete will be nullified. This will certainly lead to frustration of the trainee and to his premature termination of active training.
The principles of sports training, which relate to in-depth specialization and individualization, are also applied at increased loads, which sometimes approach the limits of the body's capabilities. They require certain conformity. It concerns the growth of loads and adaptive, and in addition, the functional capabilities of the human body. At the same time, the development of a person’s fitness and his individual characteristics are necessarily taken into account.
Unity of general as well as special training
Among the many principles of athletic training, this one occupies a fundamental position. The realization that the unity of general, as well as special training is necessary, comes from an understanding of the relationship that exists between specialization and the versatile general development of an athlete. The general characteristic of the regularities of the general principles of sports training indicates that the unitygeneral as well as special training is a controversial concept.
It is necessary to choose the optimal ratio of these two sides so that they allow you to move towards your goal. And here everything will directly depend on the preparedness that those involved in sports have, as well as on the stage of their sports life. During the preparatory period, from 35% to 70% of the training time can be devoted to general physical training. In special preparatory - from 35% to 50%, in competitive - from 30% to 40%, and in transitional - up to 80%. Such a ratio is relative and is specified by practice and science.
In implementing this principle, it is important to adhere to the following provisions:
- inclusion in the process of training not only general, but also necessarily special training;
- planning the general training of a trainee based on his sports specialization, and special training based on the prerequisites created by general training;
- observance of the optimal ratio of special and general training.
Continuity of process
The principles (patterns) of sports training must be put into practice, which will achieve maximum results. At the same time, it is worth remembering that playing sports is a year-round multi-year process. At the same time, all its links are interconnected and subject to the solution of the problem of achieving the highest level of sportsmanship. This is the main characteristicthe principle of continuity of the training process. In addition, it should be remembered that the result of each subsequent lesson, as it were, is layered on the achievements of the previous ones, developing and consolidating them.
Compliance with the principle of continuity of the training process is impossible without the proper organization of work and rest. Only in this case will the optimal development of the characteristics and qualities of a person be ensured, by which it will be possible to determine the level of his skill in a particular sports discipline. In addition, it is worth remembering that the intervals between classes should be maintained within the limits that serve as a guarantee of the steady development of fitness.
This principle does not mean at all that it is necessary to give the trainee physical activity as often as possible. It only involves the use of a regular combination of moments of variability and repetition, allowing many options for constructing classes.
Trend towards ultimate loads and their gradual increase
When can the maximum training effect be obtained? It is known that its achievement is impossible with low physical exertion. And here the principles of sports training can come to the rescue. One of them concerns the gradual increase in loads until they reach the limit value. What does it mean?
The loads received by an athlete should increase gradually, increasing every year. They are supposed to reach their maximum only at the stage when they are preparing for the highest achievements. At the same time, the principles of sportsworkouts are:
- increased working hours from 100-200 hours per year to 1300-1500 hours;
- growth in the number of training sessions from 2-3 per week to 15-20 and even more;
- increase in classes during which heavy loads are used (during the week up to 5-7);
- increase in selective training;
- increase in the proportion of physical activity received in "hard" conditions, which contributes to the enhancement of the special endurance factor;
- growth in competition participation;
- gradual expansion of the use of psychological, physiotherapeutic and pharmacological agents that improve the performance of the trainee.
Variability and waviness of loads
Special principles of sports training include determining the relationship between the intensity and volume of physical activity. And this becomes possible with their wavelike nature. In this case, the coach is able to capture the relationship that exists between periods of intense training and relative recovery, as well as between the loads received in individual training sessions, which have different directions and sizes.
It is worth noting that the undulating dynamics of physical impact allows you to provide sports training with the greatest effect. Only at low loads, you can use the method of linear or stepwise increase in loads.
As for variability, it can provide a comprehensive development of those qualities that indicateathlete's level of achievement. At the same time, variability is designed to increase efficiency during the implementation of individual programs, exercises and classes, increasing the total amount of loads received, the intensity of recovery processes. In addition, it is a preventive measure to prevent overstrain and overwork of the athlete's body.
Cyclical training process
This principle is manifested in the systematic repetition of individual lessons, that is, complete structural elements. The very word "cycle" in Greek means a set of phenomena that form a full circle in the development of a process.
Compliance with this principle is one of the most important reserves that allow you to improve the training system at the stage when the quantitative parameters of training have reached their near-limit value. At the same time, it is important that each of the subsequent cycles is not a repetition of the previous one, but uses new elements that make it possible to constantly complicate the tasks.
Interrelation and unity of readiness and competitive activity
A properly designed training process has a strict focus that allows you to effectively lead the athlete to competitive struggle. In this case, it is necessary to understand that:
- participation in competitions is an integral characteristic of the preparedness of an athlete;
- the main elements of competitive activity arestart, distance speed, pace, finish, etc.;
- efficiency of an athlete's actions is his integral qualities, for example, to the level of distance speed (strength abilities, special endurance, etc.);
- there are characteristics and functional parameters that determine the level of development of integral abilities (capacity of power supply systems, power indicators, efficiency, stability, etc.).
The special principles of sports training given in this article cannot be called complete and reflect all the patterns necessary to build the most effective training. After all, different sports have their own specifics. In addition, the development of the latest scientific directions, which use the achievements of various sports schools, is currently ongoing.
