Everything that surrounds a person is objects, phenomena, processes that depend or do not depend on his will and desires. As their living space expands, they become objects of study for the purpose of scientific knowledge and practical use.
Definition
There is no scientific field that does not have its own scope. The object of science as a term has several definitions. In fact, this is what human cognitive activity is aimed at:
- a specific part of reality (space, man, animal or plant life);
- phenomena, processes in nature (solar eclipses, tsunamis, development of flora, fauna), in society (social "storms", development of public consciousness, human behavior in various circumstances).
The scientific field is vast, so there are many objects of science. Most sciences have several objects of knowledge.
Subject areas
The object of science is a broad concept. Studying the object of study, we learn a set of particular features, characteristics, properties that help to understand its specifics. These privatesigns are the subject of science.
The deeper the details of a subject of study and their relationship are studied, the more accurate the idea of its general properties. For example, zoology studies the animal world (the object of this science), and numerous subjects of its study are animal species and their evolution, birds (ornithology), unicellular organisms, parasites (parasitology), etc. The loss of one of the links in this chain of subjects of study gives an incomplete picture of the whole science - zoology.
Each subject of science can act as an object of science, which, in turn, has its own subjects of study. Ornithology, being a subject of zoology, has its own subjects of study - anatomy, physiology of birds, migration, nesting, etc. - and is already an object in relation to them.
Scientific methodology
For the most accurate knowledge of the surrounding world, it is necessary to correctly determine not only the object, subject, but also the methods of science.
Method is a method of action in order to achieve a goal. New knowledge in science, as a rule, is obtained using a logically built chain of actions - ways to obtain them. A properly selected research method confirms or refutes the scientist's assumptions about the properties and qualities of the object or process being studied and provides material for their analysis and comparison with the results previously obtained in science.
When a result is obtained that refutes a scientific hypothesis, it is either recognized as erroneous,or research methods are recognized as erroneous.
The specificity of the objects of science dictates the choice of special methods that allow obtaining the fastest possible result in its field. However, there are universal methods, used in almost any field of scientific knowledge, and highly specialized, characteristic of a particular scientific discipline.
Methods of scientific and cognitive activity must meet the requirements of objectivity, systematicity and verifiability. That is, their selection should be carried out from a scientific point of view, regardless of the personal views and preferences of the researcher, their use should be dictated by the logic of studying the object, and the result can be verified and confirmed by data from similar studies.
Subjects of scientific knowledge
The subject of cognitive activity is the one who is engaged in scientific research:
- an individual (scientist);
- research team;
- general society.
The subject is an obligatory unit in the structure of cognition, since it is he who puts forward scientific ideas and hypotheses, determines objects, objects, methods of research. As a rule, in his research, the scientist focuses on the pressing socio-cultural problems and demands of society.
The members of the research team are united by a common scientific idea, a research site (institute, laboratory). Ideally, each member of such a team solves a particular research problem that is feasible for him, the results of which arestep in solving a common scientific problem.
Society, as a subject of scientific knowledge, is a customer and generator of scientific ideas and research, since it proceeds from its own cultural, historical and national interests. It brings out from its midst the most gifted individuals capable of solving its scientific needs.
Features of scientific objects
Modern science is a combination of an extraordinary variety of scientific disciplines. Each of them has specific objects, subjects, research methods.
The specificity of the objects of science lies in their characterological features: structure, general and particular properties and qualities, in the methods and results of functioning, in relations with other objects.
Each of the objects is born and operates according to its own natural rules and laws, which are certainly taken into account when studying them and trying to transform them in accordance with the modern needs of society.
The study of most objects of science is relevant in today's world, the practical use by mankind of the results of other objects (for example, space ones) is possible only in the distant future.
Field of scientific research in biology
Modern biology is the most demanded and most voluminous of the existing sciences. This is explained by the fact that the object of its study is life itself on the planet: the functions, relationships of living beings, their impact on the environment and humanity as a whole.
Objects in the biological sciences are numerous. "Wikipedia" names them more than 70, each ofwhich has its own subject of study. For example: anatomy studies the structure (external and internal) of organisms, zoopsychology studies the mental activity of animals, mycology - fungi, biotechnology - the use of the properties of living organisms and their metabolic products to meet human needs for medicines, food, etc.
Many areas of scientific research in biology arose on the borders with related sciences - physics (biophysics), chemistry (biochemistry), medicine (biomedicine).
Social areas of scientific knowledge
The social sciences include cultural studies, anthropology, social psychology, psychology, political science, economics, sociology, ethnography.
The objects of study of social sciences are: human society in general and particular manifestations of its existence and functioning - the structure of society, its laws, politics, religion, the activities of states, ideology, certain aspects of public life, communication links, personalities, etc.
The subject of study of social sciences is human behavior, its activities. That is, the person himself organizes and realizes the knowledge of himself and his social environment. Therefore, he is both an object and a subject of the social sciences.
Subject area in pedagogy
The social order for a “educated person” is always relevant in any society, and this science fulfills it. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of pedagogy in the development of human society, since it is she who, forming a separatepersonality, improves social relations. That is, the object of pedagogy as a science is precisely a person.
Pedagogy has centuries-old experience in educating a person of any age and level of development, its objects are everyone who needs pedagogical help and support - a child, a teenager, a person of adolescence, collectives, groups, various informal associations.
Its other object is the pedagogical process itself, the scientific organization of which guarantees the education of a personality that meets the requirements of a particular social system. Information coming from outside about the ongoing changes in public life forces us to adjust the direction of education.
