Spoken language is very important for the social life and development of the individual. Much attention in the study of the native (or foreign) language is paid to colloquial speech - the correct pronunciation of phonemes. There are many words that differ only in individual sounds. Therefore, special attention is paid to the functioning of the organs of speech and sound formation.
Sound production
Sound formation occurs as a result of human mental and speech activity. The vocal apparatus consists of the diaphragm, larynx, epiglottis, pharynx, vocal cords, nasal and oral cavity, uvula, palate (soft and hard), alveoli, teeth, tongue, lips.
Tongue with a lower lip are actively involved in sound production. Teeth, palate, upper lip remain passive.
Production of sounds (phonemes) includes:
- respiration - breathing,
- phonation - the use of the larynx and vocal folds to create phonemes,
- articulation - the work of the speech apparatus for sound production.
Noisy (deaf) consonant sounds of the Russian language
There are exactly 33 letters in the Russian language, and much more sounds - 42. There are 6 vowel phonemes consisting of a clear voice. The remaining 36 sounds are consonants.
In the creation of 16 consonant phonemes, only noise is involved, which is formed as a result of overcoming certain barriers by the exhaled air flow, which are interacting speech organs.
[k,], [p,], [c,], [t,], [f,], [x,], [h, ], [u, ], [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [q], [w] - deaf consonants.
To learn how to determine which consonant sounds are deaf, you need to know their main features: how and where they are formed, how vocal folds are involved in their production, whether there is palatalization during pronunciation.
Formation of noisy consonants
In the process of producing deaf consonant phonemes, the interaction of various organs of the speech apparatus occurs. They can close with each other or form a gap.
Deaf consonants are born when the exhaled air flow overcomes these barriers. Depending on the type of obstacles, deaf phonemes are divided into:
- occlusive plosives [k, , p, , t, , k, p, t];
- occlusive fricatives (affricates) [c, h,];
- slotted (fricative) [s, , f, , x, , w , , s, f, x, w].
Depending on the places where obstacles are formed, among deaf phonemes they distinguish:
- labial-labial [n, , n];
- labio-dental [f, , f];
- anterior lingual dental [s, , s, t, , t, c];
- anterior-lingual palatine-tooth [h, , w, , w];
- posterior lingual posterior palatals [k, , x, , k, x].
Voice folds are always relaxed when voiceless consonants are produced. No voice is formed, phonemes are pure noise.
| By production method | According to the place of production | ||||||
| Labial | Frontallingual | Rear-lingual | |||||
|
Lubno- labials |
Labio-dental | Dental | Anterior palate | Midpalatal | Posterior palate | ||
| Slotted | f, , f | c, , c | w, , w | x, | x | ||
| Stops | Explosive | p, , p | t, , t | k, | k | ||
| Affricates | c | h, | |||||
Palatalization and velarization
Noisy phonemes are classified according to the degree of tension in the middle of the language. When, in the process of sound production, the anterior and middle regions of the tongue rise to the hard palate, a palatalized consonant (soft) deaf sound is born. Velarized (hard) phonemes are produced by raising the root of the tongue to the back of the softpalate.
6 soft and 6 hard noisy deaf phonemes make pairs, the rest do not have pairs.
Paired voiceless consonants - [k, -k], [p, -p], [s, -s], [t, - t], [f, - f], [х, -x]; [c, h, , sh, u, ] - voiceless unpaired consonants.
Articulation
The combination of all the work of the individual organs of the speech apparatus involved in the pronunciation of phonemes is called articulation.
To make speech understandable, one must be able to clearly pronounce sounds, words, sentences. To do this, you need to train your speech apparatus, work out the pronunciation of phonemes.
Having understood how deaf consonants are formed, how to pronounce them correctly, a child or an adult will master speech much faster.
Sounds [k - k, , x - x,]
Lower the end of the tongue, slightly move away from the incisors of the lower jaw. Open mouth. Raise the back of the tongue so that it comes into contact with the border zone of the raised soft and hard palate. Through a sharp exhalation, the air overcomes the barrier - [k].
Press the tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth. Bring the middle and back of the tongue closer to the middle-posterior region of the hard palate. Exhale - [k,].
In the production of phonemes [x - x,] the organs of speech are arranged similarly. Only between them remains not a bow, but a gap.
Sounds [p - p,]
Close your lips, leave your tongue free to lie, its tip is slightlymove away from the lower incisors. Exhalation. The air jet breaks through the lips - [p].
The lips are the same. Press the end of the tongue against the incisors of the lower jaw. Raise the middle of the tongue to the hard palate. A sharp push of air overcomes the labial barrier - [п,].
Sounds [s - s,]
Lips stretch, teeth almost close. Touch the end of the tongue to the front teeth of the lower jaw. Bend the tongue, lifting the middle back to the palate. Its lateral edges are pressed against the upper chewing teeth. The air flow passes through the groove formed in the middle of the tongue. Overcomes the gap between the alveolar arch and the anterior back of the tongue - [c].
Phoneme [с,] is pronounced similarly. Only the middle of the tongue rises higher, and the front arches more (the groove disappears).
Sounds [t - t,]
Open your lips. Rest the end of the tongue against the incisors of the upper jaw, forming a bow. A jet of exhaled air breaks through the barrier with force - [t].
The position of the lips is the same. Press the tip of the tongue against the lower incisors. Touch the upper alveolar arch with the front of the tongue, creating a bow. Under the pressure of the air jet, an obstacle is overcome - [t,].
Sounds [f - f,]
Retract the lower lip a little and press the upper incisors against it. Raise the back of the tongue to the back of the soft palate. On exhalation, the air passes through a flat gap formed by the lip and teeth - [f].
Lips and teeth in the same position. Move the tip of the tongue to the lower incisors. Raise the middle part of the tongue to the palate. The air flow penetrates through the labio-dental fissure - [f,].
Sound [c]
Sound is produced in two steps:
- Stretch a little tense lips. Press the end of the tongue to the front lower teeth. Raise the front of the tongue, closing with the hard palate (just behind the alveolar arch).
- Air flow enters the oral cavity. Slightly bend the tongue - raise the middle part, lower the back, press the lateral edges to the chewing teeth. The bow turns into a gap and the air comes out - [c].
Sound [h,]
The formation of a phoneme consists of two phases:
- Slightly round and protrude the lips. Press the end and front of the tongue against the hard palate and alveolar arch, creating a barrier.
- Push out the air: at the place of the connection between the tongue and the palate, you will get a gap. At the same time, it is necessary to raise the middle of the tongue - [h,].
Sound [sh]
Push out slightly rounded lips. Raise the end of the tongue to form a narrow passage with the palate and the alveolar arch (1st gap). Lowering the middle of the tongue, raise its back (2nd gap). Press the edges to the chewing teeth, forming a bowl. Exhale smoothly - [w].
Sound [w,]
Lips slightly push and round. Raise the end of the tongue to the alveolar arch, without pressing, so that there is a gap. Languagelift to the hard palate (except for the front part), with the edges pressed against the molars of the upper jaw. Exhale slowly. The central part of the tongue goes down, creating a groove through which the air flow passes. Tongue tightens - [w,].
In the speech stream, voiceless consonants coexist with other phonemes (vowels and consonants). If a noisy phoneme is followed by a vowel, the lips move into position to articulate the latter.
Comparison of noisy deaf and voiced phonemes
Voiced are phonemes, in the formation of which both voice and noise are involved (the latter prevails). Some voiced have paired sounds from among the deaf.
Pair voiceless consonants and voiced: [k - r], [k, - r,], [p - b], [p, - b,], [t - d], [t, - d,], [s - s], [s, - s,], [f - c], [f, - c,], [w - f].
Voiced and voiceless unpaired consonants:
- [th, l, , m, , n, , p, , l, m, n, r] - voiced (sonorous);
- [x, , h, , w,, x, q] - noisy deaf people.
Denoting noisy phonemes with letters
The ability to write correctly is as important as speaking. Mastering written speech is even more difficult, since some sounds on paper can be written with different letters or letter combinations.
Voiceless consonants are transmitted when writingsimilar letters if they are in strong positions.
According to deafness-voicedness: before a vowel, sonorant consonant, [in - in,], other noisy ones (applies to paired deaf ones!).
By hardness-softness: before a vowel, [b, m, g, k, n, x, b, , m, , g, , k, , p, , x,] - for sounds [s, s, , t, t, ], at the end of a word.
In other cases, to determine the correct letter (or combination of letters) for a voiceless consonant phoneme, certain rules of the Russian language must be applied. And sometimes you just need to remember the correct spelling of words (dictionary).
