Self-confidence, purposefulness, finding one's place in society - all this is directly related to the development of speech, the ability to correctly and clearly express one's thoughts. Coherent speech is a combination of fragments denoting one specific topic and carrying a single semantic load.
At birth, a child has the makings of speech. The main task of adults and teachers is to develop them correctly. After all, the formed coherent speech of the child is the key to the future successful development of the individual. What does this concept mean? Coherent speech is the ability to formulate and express your thoughts.
Types of speech
There are two main types of connected speech:
- Monologic.
- Dialogue.
The first requires great communication skills. It depends on how correctly a thought is expressed, how others will understand it. The narrator needs a good memory, the correct use of speech turns, developed logical thinking, so that the narration sounds consistent and clear.
Complex verbal expressions are usually not used in dialogue. Speech does not have a clear logical sequence. The direction of the conversation can change arbitrarily and in any direction.
Bookmarking Speech Skills
The formation of coherent speech occurs in several stages.
1st stage - preparatory, from 0 to 1 year. At this stage, the baby gets acquainted with the sounds. In his first weeks, he simply listens to adult speech, while a passive set of sounds is formed in him, the first screams are made by him. Later, babbling appears, which consists of randomly spoken sounds.
In the same period, the child is shown objects and called the sounds that characterize them. For example: clock - tick-tock, water - drip-cap. Later, the baby reacts to the name of the object and looks for it with his eyes. By the end of the first year, the baby pronounces individual syllables.
2nd stage - pre-school, from one to three. First, the child pronounces simple words denoting both the object and the action. For example, the word “give” the baby denotes both the object, and his desires, and the request, and therefore only close people understand him. After a certain period, simple sentences appear, the child begins to more accurately express his thoughts. By the age of three, prepositions are used in speech. Case and gender coordination begins.
3rd stage - preschool, from 3 to 7 years. This is a period of more conscious formation of personality. Closer to the age of 7, the speech apparatus is formed, the sounds are clear, correct. The child begins to competently build sentences, he already has andthe vocabulary is constantly replenished.
4th stage - school, from 7 to 17 years old. The main feature of the development of speech at this stage in comparison with the previous one is its conscious assimilation. Children master sound analysis, learn the grammatical rules for constructing statements. The leading role in this belongs to the written language.
These stages do not have strict, clear boundaries. Each of them smoothly transitions into the next one.
Development of coherent speech of preschoolers
After the start of going to the kindergarten, the child's environment changes and with it - the form of speech. Since up to 3 years the baby is constantly close to people close to him, all communication is based on his requests to adults. There is a dialogic form of speech: adults ask questions, and the child answers. Later, the baby has a desire to tell about something, to convey his feelings after the walk, and not only close people can already be listeners. This is how the monologue form of speech begins to be laid.
All speech is connected. However, the forms of connection with development change. Coherent speech presented by the child is the ability to tell in such a way that what is heard becomes understandable on the basis of its own content.
Parts of speech
Speech can be divided into two components: situational and contextual. When expressing his thoughts or describing a situation, a person should build a monologue so that the listener understands what the conversation is about. Children, on the other hand, are initially unable to describe the situation without specifying specific actions. It is difficult for an adult, listening to a story, to understand what the conversation is about, notknowing the situation. Thus, situational coherent speech of preschoolers is formed first. At the same time, the presence of the contextual component cannot be completely excluded, since such moments of speech are always interconnected.
Context speech
Having mastered the situational component, the child begins to master the contextual one. At first, the colloquial speech of children is saturated with the pronouns "he", "she", "they". At the same time, it is not clear to whom exactly they refer. To characterize objects, the concept of “such” is used and is actively supplemented with gestures: hands show what kind of such, for example, large, small. The peculiarity of such speech is that it expresses more than it expresses.
Gradually, the child begins to build a speech context. This becomes noticeable when a large number of pronouns disappear from the conversation and are replaced by nouns. Coherent speech is determined by the logic of a person's thoughts.
You can't master coherence without having logic. After all, speech is directly dependent on thoughts. Coherent speech is the sequence and consistency of thoughts expressed aloud and combined into grammatically correct sentences.
From the conversation of the child it is clear how developed his logic is and what kind of vocabulary is present. With a lack of words, even a logically correctly constructed thought will cause difficulties in speaking out loud. Therefore, speech should be developed in a complex: logic, memory, a rich vocabulary. Everything should be in harmony.
Main types of coherent speech formation
The development of coherent speech in children occurs using various methods. The main ones are:
- Developing dialogue skills.
- Retelling.
- Story through pictures.
- Composing descriptive stories.
The first type of conversation that a child learns is dialogue. Children are taught:
- Listen to and understand an adult's speech.
- Communicate with other children.
- Build a dialogue by answering questions.
- Repeat words, phrases after the teacher.
Children aged 4-7 are taught simple forms of monologue construction.
Retelling requires attentiveness and perseverance from the child. To begin with, preparation for retelling takes place, then the teacher reads the text, and after that the children answer questions related to the read material. A retelling plan is drawn up, then the teacher reads the story again, and the retelling begins. Children of primary preschool age do almost everything together with the teacher. Older children develop their own retelling plan. This maintains the connection between logic and speech.
Pictures are a tool for developing connectivity
Teaching coherent speech occurs with the help of pictures. The story from the pictures facilitates the usual independent retelling. Since the course of the story is shown in the drawings, it is not necessary to memorize everything. For younger preschool age, piece-by-piece pictures with objects depicted on them are used. Children, answering the teacher's questions, describe the image.
From the age of 4, the child is taughtwrite a story from a picture. It requires this preparation:
- Seeing the picture.
- Answers to the teacher's questions.
- Teacher's story.
- Children's story.
In the process of the story, the teacher suggests key words. It controls the correct direction of speech. By the age of 5, children are taught to make a plan and talk about it. At 6-7 years old, the child is able to focus on the background of the picture, describe the landscape, and seemingly insignificant details. Telling from the picture, the child, relying on the image, must tell what happened before the events shown and what may happen after.
The teacher outlines a storyline with his questions that goes beyond the boundaries of the picture. When telling a child, it is necessary to follow the correct grammatical construction of the sentence, for a sufficient vocabulary.
Special attention should be paid to stories based on landscape pictures. Since it requires the ability to use words in a figurative sense, make comparisons, use synonyms and antonyms.
Story-description
Of great importance in the development of coherent speech of preschoolers is the ability to describe a specific object, situation, season.
At preschool age, children are taught to make a story-description based on a toy. The teacher asks questions and guides the narrator. The main reference words for the description are considered: the size of the toy, material, color. The older the child becomes, the more independent he speaks. They begin to conduct a comparative description of objects and living objects, two different objects. Teach children to find common characteristics and opposites. Plot stories are compiled, with the inclusion of the described objects in them.
Also, children at senior preschool age tell stories from personal experience, describe situations that happen to them, the content of cartoons they watch.
Method of coherent speech - mnemonics
The technique is based on the use of pictures. All stories, poems are encoded with pictures, according to which the story is then conducted. The methodology is based on the fact that children at preschool age rely more on visual memory than on auditory. Learning takes place with the help of mnemonic tracks, mnemonic tables and model diagrams.
The symbols that encode words are as close as possible to the speech material. For example, when talking about domestic animals, a house is drawn next to the depicted animals, and a forest is drawn for wild animals.
Learning goes from simple to complex. Children consider mnemonic squares, later - mnemonic tracks with depicted symbols, the meaning of which they know. The work is being carried out in stages:
- Studying the table.
- Coding of information, transformation of the presented material from symbols into images.
- Retelling.
With the help of mnemonics, the assimilation of speech in children is intuitive. At the same time, they have a good vocabulary and the ability to coherently conduct a monologue.
Levels of speech connectivity
After putting into practice variousmethods in their work, educators check the level of coherent speech in children. If some of her development is at a low level, other methods are applied to them, which will be more effective when working with such children.
Coherent speech of preschoolers is divided into three levels:
- High level - the child has a large vocabulary, grammatically and logically builds sentences. Can retell a story, describe, compare objects. At the same time, his speech is consistent, interesting in content.
- Average level - the child builds interesting sentences, has high literacy. Difficulties arise when building a story according to a given storyline, here he can make mistakes, but with the comments of adults he is able to correct them on his own.
- Low level - the child has difficulty building a story along storylines. His speech is inconsistent and illogical, semantic errors are made due to the difficulties in building connections. There are grammatical errors.
Conclusion
Formation of a coherent speech of children is a continuous process of learning by a teacher using various methods and game forms. As a result, the child begins to coherently and grammatically correctly express his thoughts, conduct a monologue, use literary techniques.
