In this article, we will consider what the Moldavian SSR is. This republic was located in the extreme southwest of the European segment of the Soviet Union, of which it was a part. The MSSR was created in 1940, on August 2, and disbanded in 1991, on August 27. In the east, north and south it bordered on the Ukrainian SSR, and in the west - on Romania. In 1989, its population was 4,337 thousand people. The city of Chisinau was the capital of the MSSR.
The most important cities in Moldova in 1989 were Chisinau (667,100 inhabitants), Tiraspol (181,900 inhabitants), B alti (158,500 inhabitants), Bendery (130,000 inhabitants). During the years of Soviet power, the cities of Ungheni, Rybnitsa, Floreshty, Edinet, Ceadir-Lunga, and Comrat grew out of small towns and former villages.
Accession of Bessarabia to the USSR
The government of the USSR in 1940 on June 26 and 27 sent two notes to the Romanian leadership, in which they demanded to urgently completeoccupation of Bessarabia. The Romanian Crown Council could not get the support of Germany and Italy, so it had to agree to the Soviet government. The Romanian government accepted the proposal of the note dated June 28, 1940 on the return of Bessarabia, the procedure and timing for the withdrawal of its divisions and administration. On the same day (June 28), Red Army units entered the Bessarabian province of the RSFSR.
The leadership of the 9th Army was disbanded on July 10th. The lands of Bessarabia and the army left on these lands became part of the Odessa Military District.
Formation
In 1940, on August 2, the 7th session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was held, at which the law on the creation of the union Moldavian Republic was adopted.
The Moldavian SSR received the following territories in its composition: 6 counties of Bessarabia (Bendery, Beltsy, Chisinau, Cahul, Soroca, Orhei) and 6 districts of the former Moldavian ASSR (Dubossary, Kamensky, Grigoriopol, Rybnitsa, Tiraspol, Slobodzeya.) The remaining regions of the MASSR, as well as the Izmail, Akkerman and Khotinsky counties of Bessarabia were transferred to the Ukrainian SSR.
Later, in 1940, on November 4, the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces published a decree that confirmed the change in the borders between the MSSR and the Ukrainian SSR. Shortly before this, Molotov and Schulenburg concluded an additional agreement, in accordance with which German residents from Northern Bukovina (more than 14 thousand) and southern Bessarabia (about 100 thousand) were deported to Germany. After that, on the deserted lands were createdstate farms, where people from Ukraine were invited.
The creation of the Moldavian SSR was carried out at a rapid pace. The republic included 61 settlements with a population of 55 thousand people (14 settlements of the former regions of the MASSR, 1 village of the Cahul district, 46 villages of the Bendery district). 96 villages with a population of 203 thousand people went to the Ukrainian SSR (76 villages in the Khotyn district, 14 in the Akkerman and 6 in the Izmail districts).
These changes were motivated by the fact that in the villages transferred to the Ukrainian SSR, the Bulgarian, Ukrainian and Russian population prevailed, and in those transferred to the Moldavian SSR, the Gagauz and Moldavian.
Result
As a result, the MSSR began to own a territory of 33.7 thousand km², where 2.7 million souls lived, of which 70% were Moldovans. The city of Chisinau became the capital of the republic. After the reorganization of Bessarabia, the Moldavian SSR lost 10 thousand km² of land and 0.5 million people.
In 1940, 8 thousand indigenous people were repressed and deported, and in 1941 on June 13 - more than 30 thousand.
Bessarabia during the war years
During the Second World War, the inhabitants of Bessarabia participated in the hostilities from both warring sides. 10,000 Bessarabians were drafted into the Romanian army: they fought against the USSR, and more than half of them gave their souls to God. The liberation of the Moldavian SSR from the Romanian occupation took place in 1944. After the republic was occupied by Soviet troops, 256,000 residents of Moldova went to the front, of which 40,592 people lost their lives in 1944-1945.
Demographics
So, we have considered the formation of the Moldavian SSR. What happened next? 448 million rubles were allocated from the state budget of the USSR to restore the economy of the new republic. First of all, bridges and communication routes across the Dniester, blown up by the retreating Romanian army, were rebuilt. For the reconstruction of the complex of economic sectors, units of the Red Army were sent, assisted by the local population. All crossings across the Dniester were rebuilt on September 19, 1944, and it became possible to import machinery and equipment to Moldova. In the winter of 1945, equipment for 22 large organizations was imported into the republic.
Economic situation
For the restoration of the industry, the Moldavian SSR received coal (226,000 tons), ferrous metals (20,000 tons), oil products (51,000 tons). By analogy with the level of 1940, in 1945 sugar was produced by 16% more, outer knitwear by 36%, vegetable oil by 84%, brick by 42%, electricity by 48% and leather shoes by 46%. 226 collective farms and 60 state farms were reconstructed.
and much more. However, in 1946, famine came and the number of livestock began to decrease. So, out of 25,000 goats and sheep provided by the RSFSR, no more than 18,000 heads survived by 1947. In 1949, we althy peasantswere deported from the country, and their inventory: equipment, land, livestock and crops - were transferred to collective farms.
Hunger
As you can see, the Moldavian SSR received impressive assistance. History says that despite this, in 1946 a crisis broke out in the republic, however, as in other regions of the USSR. In Bessarabia, after the end of the Great Patriotic War, there was a shortage of food, and even in 1945 there was a dry summer. Due to the lack of food, the number of offenses (mostly theft) has increased dramatically.
Due to the crisis, the peasants began to refuse to hand over their crops (primarily bread) to the state. Sometimes entire collective farms boycotted the harvest. Local authorities called these incidents "facts of unhe althy moods." That is why the leadership of the USSR freed Moldova from the supply of some provisions to other union republics and for the Red Army.
It should be noted that starting from 1947 additional food supplies were imported to Moldova from many republics of the Soviet Union.
Sovietization
The Soviet leadership continued the Sovietization policy of 1940, suspended due to the war. Power in the republic was dynamically strengthened. The Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR and the government, after returning from evacuation, were first located in Soroca, and then moved to Chisinau. The leadership was engaged in the restoration of local bodies: regional executive committees were created by direct appointment. In the autumn of 1944, city executive committees, as well as rural, district and county ones, began to work. Has been reconstructedactivities of the prosecutor's office and the court.
The Presidium of the Armed Forces on June 16, 1949 issued a Decree on the establishment of district executive committees, city, county, rural and settlement. On October 16, a new Decree on the establishment of districts and the abolition of counties was published. In December 1947, for the first time since the end of the war, elections to the local government, the Soviets, were organized in the republic. The executive committees were elected at the first session of the Soviets. Management departments and special commissions were created under the executive committees.
Deportations
Peasants, who controlled an impressive amount of private property, supported the Romanians in 1941. This class was preserved in Moldova until 1949. In 1944-1945, the Soviet leadership was forced to forcibly dispossess such sections of the population. Kulaks, along with property, were registered at the local police station. The Soviet government calculated that in 1946 there were 27,025 private land owners in Moldova.
In the post-war years, famine began in the republic, as a result of which an anti-Soviet movement appeared. Leaflets were circulated among the rural population most affected by the famine, urging people to resist the Soviet government. Along with anti-Soviet leaflets of a religious nature, they were distributed by local sects.
In 1949, on April 6, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks issued a decree on the eviction from Bessarabia of former sectarians, kulaks, landlords, entrepreneurs and those who helped the German and Romanianinvaders and assisted the White Guards. Entire families were evicted from the republic. This process was called Operation South. 11,290 families with a total of 40,860 people were deported from Moldova. The authorities transferred the expropriated property into the possession of state farms and collective farms, and sold houses and buildings to private individuals.
Moldova was part of the USSR for 47 years until August 27, 1991, before the declaration of its independence.
Administrative divisions
What did the Moldavian SSR become? Its districts in the amount of 52 units appeared as a result of the division of counties on November 11, 1940. Another 6 districts of the republic inherited from the Moldavian ASSR.
Moldova owned the following counties:
- Bendersky (Bendersky, Kainarsky, Volontirovka, Komratsky, Kaushansky, Cimisliysky and Romanovsky districts);
- B alti (Bolotinsky, B alti, Brichansky, Bratushansky, Edinet, Glodensky, Kishkarensky, Lipkansky, Korneshtsky, Ryshkansky, Singereisky, Skulyansky, Falesti and Ungheni regions);
- Kishinevsky (Buzhorsky, Budeshtsky, Kishinevsky, Kalarashsky, Kotovsky, Nisporensky, Leovsky and Strashensky districts);
- Kagulsky (Vulkaneshtsky, Baymaklisky, Kagulsky, Taraklisky, Kangazsky and Chadyr-Lungsky districts);
- Soroksky (Vertyuzhansky, Ataksky, Zguritsky, Drokievsky, Kotyuzhansky, Soroksky, Oknitsky, Floreshtsky and Tyrnovsky districts);
- Orgeevsky (Kiperchensky, Bravichsky, Kriulyansky, Raspopensky, Orheevsky, Rezinsky, Teleneshtsky and Suslensky districts).
Moldova had the following districts of republican designation:
- Dubossary;
- Grigoriopolsky;
- Rybnitsky;
- Kamensky;
- Tiraspol;
- Slobodzeya.
What else did the Moldavian SSR have? The cities of republican designation were in this republic as follows:
- Chisinau;
- B alti;
- Benders;
- Tiraspol.
Manual
So, the Moldavian SSR in 1940 became part of the Soviet Union. Its top leadership was carried out by the Communist Moldavian Party, which was part of the CPSU. In 1990, multi-party elections began. It is known that the Central Committee (CC) was the supreme body of the Communist Party of the MSSR. In 1940-1990, the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Moldova led the republic.
In April 1990, after the elections, a coalition was formed from the "People's Front" (non-communist organization) and some members of the management of the Moldovan Communist Party, who abandoned the communist ideology. This was reflected in the distribution of leading posts: representatives of the "People's Front" headed the executive branch, and former communists headed the legislative branch. From April 27 to September 3, 1990, Mircea Snegur was the chairman of the Moldovan Supreme Council. In 1990, on September 3, he was elected president of the republic. Mircea Druk was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers from May 25, 1990 to May 28, 1991, then Valery Muravsky held this position.
Supreme Council
What wasthe highest legislative body of Moldova in 1940-1991? It was the Supreme Council (unicameral), whose deputies (except for the elections of 1991) were elected on a non- alternative basis for 4 years (for 5 years since 1979). Before the elections, candidates were approved by the leadership of the Communist Party of Moldova.
The Supreme Council was not a permanent organization, its deputies gathered 2-3 times a year for sessions that lasted a couple of days. To conduct administrative work, politicians elected a continuously working Presidium, which was considered the collective head of the republic.
Coat of arms
And now consider the coat of arms of the Moldavian SSR. This is the national symbol of the MSSR, based on the coat of arms of the Soviet Union. In accordance with the 167th article of the Constitution of Moldova, approved on April 15, 1978, it contains an image of a sickle and a hammer placed in the rays of the sun. This composition is surrounded by ears of corn, ears, bunches of grapes and a red ribbon with inscriptions: the letters “RSSM” are visible below, on the right side you can read the Russian slogan “Proletarians of all countries, unite!”, on the left side - the same phrase is written on Moldovan language. At the top, the coat of arms is decorated with a five-pointed star.
The coat of arms of the Moldavian SSR has several versions. Initially, it differed somewhat from the late Soviet spelling of the word "unite" in the Moldavian language and the length of the rays of the sun. The new coat of arms of the republic was approved at the plenary meeting of the government of Moldova, which took place in 1990, on November 3.
Flag
What does the flag of the Moldavian SSR look like?It is a rectangular double-sided fabric of red color, in the center of which a green stripe is drawn in full length. On a red background in the upper left corner is the basic detail of the coat of arms of the MSSR - a golden hammer and sickle and a five-pointed red star surrounded by a golden border.
The green stripe takes up one fourth of the width of the fabric. The hammer and sickle are inscribed in an imaginary square, the side of which corresponds to a fifth of the width of the flag. The handles of the hammer and sickle touch the lower corners of the square, and the blade of the sickle rests on the center of its upper side.
The five-pointed star was also depicted in a conditional circle with a diameter equal to a tenth of the width of the fabric. The leadership of the MSSR approved this flag by decree of January 31, 1952. Further, the cloth was described in Article 168 of the Constitution of the MSSR of 1978.
We hope that after reading our article, you got a complete picture of the Moldavian SSR.
