Anatomically, our body is divided into topographic regions with various organs, neurovascular bundles and other components located within them. In this article, we will consider the planes and axes of the human body.
What parts does our body consist of?
The highest point is the head (caput), then the neck - cervix, after the most central part is located - the body (trunk) - truncus, in which the chest cavity is isolated, limited by the costal surfaces and the sternum - thorax, as well as the following areas:
- chest area - pectus;
- located below the abdomen - abdomen;
- opposite part - back - dorsum, connected by the spinal column with the bones of the pelvis - pelvis,
- the upper limbs themselves - membri superiores and the lower ones - membri inferiores.
The most readable landmarks are the planes and axes of the human body.
Assignments and shapes of body planes
Thus, three mutually intersectingperpendicular planes (plana). All of them can be mentally drawn through any component of the human body. Highlight:
- Sagittal (arrow) - planum sagittalia, which in Greek sounds like "an arrow penetrating the human body." This plane runs in the front-to-back direction and is vertical.
- Frontal (frontal) - planum ftontalia, which is parallel to the forehead and perpendicular to the first plane.
- Horizontal (planum horizontalia) perpendicular to the first two above mentioned planes.
In fact, you can draw as many such planes as you like. So, for example, a vertically located sagittal divides our body into right and left halves and represents the so-called median plane - planum medianum. What else is included in the concept of the plane and axis of the human body?
Designation of organs
To designate organs relative to a horizontally located plane, concepts such as:
- Cranial - upper (from the side of the skull, if translated literally).
- Caudal - lower (from the Latin word cauda - tail).
- Dorsal - rear (dorsum - back).
For the correct designation of body parts located on the side, the term is used - lateral (lateralis), that is, if these named areas are at any distance from the midline. And those organs or areas located in the zone of the same median rifle(sagitial) area is called: medial (medialis). This is included in the main planes and axes of the human body.
Commonly used adjectives
To determine the correct characteristics of the areas that make up the upper or lower limb, adjectives such as closer to the body, that is, proximal (proximalis) and, accordingly, distal (distalis), are used. This is required to designate the points most distant from the body.
When describing, it is possible to use such definitions as right (dexter), for example, right hand, left (sinister), left kidney.
Depending on the size, when compared with something, a large (major), for example, an organ, or a small insignificant size (minor) are distinguished.
To designate, depending on the depth of the location or lesion, such a concept as superficial (siperficialis) and deep (profundus) is introduced. What are the planes and axes of the human body?
Varieties of human body axes
The three anatomical planes described above correspond to three anatomical axes.
Therefore, the frontal axis of the same name is parallel to it and is horizontally directed. The movements that are possible around are presented in the form of flexion (flexio) and extension (extensio) most often of the limbs, but possibly the torso itself.
Arrow axis, respectively, is parallel to the sagittal planeand allows for adduction (adductio) and abduction (abductio). Movement around the third axis (vertical) allows for movements in a circle (rotatio et circumductio), with the formation of the so-called "cone" in the air, the top of which is represented by the joint. The scheme of axes and planes in the human body will be presented below.
Classification of drawn lines
To mark the border of some organ or joint, it is also possible to use imaginary lines (anterior and posterior midlines - linea mediana anterior et linea mediana posterior). So linea mediana anterior limits the right and left parts of the surface of the body, passing through the middle of the front surface of the body. linea mediana posterior also separates these halves, but only from the posterior surface. And it was drawn through the tops of the spinous vertebral processes.
Anatomical nomenclature (axes and planes of the human body) has been studied for a long time.
Along both edges of the sternum are, respectively, the right and left sternal lines (linea sternalis dextra et linea sternalis sinistra). They can still be carried out a lot, for example, through the middle of the collarbone. Then these lines will be called the left or right midclavicular line. Also distinguish the anterior, posterior and middle axillary zones. Their differences lie only in the area through which this or that line passes, whether it is the edge of the armpit or the middle (linea axillaris anterior, posterior et mediana).
It originates fromscapular angle and the scapular line (linea scapularis) passes.
On both sides of the spinal column, along its costal-transverse composite surfaces, there are paravertebral or spinal axes (linea paravertebralis).
Division of the abdomen into zones
How else are axes and planes drawn through the human body?
As for the abdomen, its entire surface is evenly divided into nine zones, each of which has its own individual designation. These areas are formed by two horizontal lines. The upper one connects the heads of the tenth pairs of ribs, and the lower one passes through the anterior-superior iliac spines. Thus, we get that above the costal line (linea costarum) is the region of the epigastrium (epigastrium). And below the spine (linea spinarum) is the hypogastric zone (hypogastrium). The space between them is represented as a mesogastrium. In addition to the horizontal lines, there are also two vertical lines. As a result, 9 small areas are formed.
The division into areas, zones, lines of our body is similar and has its own characteristics inherent in a particular area, area or zone, as well as its own individual designation.
Organ systems in the human body
In the human body there are organ systems that are assigned certain functions:
- Support and movement. The skeletal system is responsible for all this.
- Food processing with absorption of nutrients. For these purposescreated digestive organs.
- Gas exchange - oxygen enters and carbon dioxide is removed. This is provided by the respiratory organs.
- Release from metabolic products. The urinary organs are responsible for this.
- Reproduction. Sexual organs respond.
- Transport of nutrients to tissues and organs. This is the task of the circulatory system.
- Hormonal regulation of the vital activity of the body. The endocrine system is capable of this.
- Balance of activity and adaptation of the body. This is provided by the nervous system.
- Perception of information from the external and internal environment. This requires the senses.
We examined what are the planes and axes of the human body in anatomy.
