Studying the Russian language is one of the highlights of the school curriculum. For almost all eleven years, students have been working on improving their oral and written speech. However, this is always difficult for several reasons. Firstly, it is quite difficult to learn the native language. The subconscious dictates such a thing: "Since the language is native, then by default, I always speak correctly." Which sometimes turns out not to be the case. The second reason may be the unwillingness and outright laziness of the trainee. In any case, the most common mistakes are misplaced stress, inadmissible use of words, and various grammatical, punctuation and stylistic errors in writing.
In this article, we will analyze the most common errors associated with the use of word forms, which mostly depend on the root. We will do this by considering the basics with the alternation of -lag-, -false-. Examples of errors in words with such roots occur daily.
What is a root
A word consists of so-called morphemes - parts of a word. This includes the prefix, root, suffix, ending, and postfix. The root is a required morpheme. A word may contain neither a prefix nor a suffix and may have a null ending (in fact, there is none), such as the word "mother". There are two types of roots: permanent and interleaved. In the first case, the form of the root remains unchanged when the word is declined by cases. In the second case, when the form of the word changes, the morpheme itself changes. This happens because the words have a common meaning, but the usage itself differs in grammatical rules. A striking example would be words with the root -lag-, -false-. We use them every day in our conversation and writing.
Why roots change
As mentioned above, the roots in words can change when the word is declined by cases. Why is this happening? For example, the alternation of the roots -lag-, -lie- is explained by the rules of the Russian language. If you try to more accurately analyze the reason for the modification of the main morpheme, then it is easy to find out that the reason lies in a wide variety of cognate words. In other words, there are too many words in Russian speech that have a different form, but have a similar meaning. As an example, consider the words in -lag-, -false-. In the most common version, these morphemes are used in the word "put" or similar. The word means unionany objects in one place or in one whole.
He has the same root as the word "compose". When pronouncing it, the first thing that comes to mind is the composition of any works. For example, "compose legends." Nevertheless, despite the apparent differences at first, the words are really similar in meaning. Both denote the combination of objects (in the first case, something material, in the second - the addition of letters into syllables, and so on). In general, for the roots -false-, -lag- the rule is unambiguously defined, but about it a little later.
Roots with alternation
At school, in the Russian language lessons in the word formation section, such a section as roots with alternation is studied in some detail. The reason for this is that students make many mistakes when using them. Among the most recognizable roots are -growth-, -rast-, -gor-, -gar-, as well as the roots -lag-, -loose-. Examples can be given indefinitely, because there will definitely be such words, one of the forms of which will be with a modified root.
It would seem that if you know how words are pronounced, then there should be no problems with writing these morphemes. Unfortunately, this is not so. In some cases, you have to turn to reference books that have material on the use of roots.
Rules
As in the entire school curriculum, there are rules in the Russian language. They are in all sections, from spelling to punctuation. Morphemics is no exception. Since in this article we are consideringit is the roots -lag-, -false-, the rule will be formulated specifically for them. For most other interleaved pairs, there is a large amount of information in the supplementary literature. It is important to note that the Russian language is one of those few subjects where the wording of the rules is not required to be memorized. The most important thing is to understand the meaning and be able to apply knowledge in practice. However, the rules are formulated for all but the obvious situations.
Rule for -lag-, -false-
In Russian, the spelling -lag-, -lozh- is determined by an unambiguous rule. Its wording is as follows: if an unstressed vowel is in front of the letter "g", then "a" is written. In the event that the letter “g” is written, “o” should be written. The rule is quite simple and easy to remember, if only because the words and roots with the alternation of -lag-, -false- are heard. Examples are also obvious: attach, lay, attach, add, and so on.
The rule, like everything in life, has an exception, but we'll talk about it a little later. So, you should firmly remember this rule in order to be sure of the use of the word.
Features of using the root
You may have already noticed that all of the above examples were used with prefixes. This is the main feature. Words with the root -lag-, -lozh- without a prefix morpheme are not used. Some people forget about this feature, as a result of which words are unacceptable for use. The only exception is the word "go to bed". In allIn other cases, in words with -loose-, -lag-, the rule states that it is necessary to use prefixes. This feature should be paid special attention, since it is often forgotten about by many people. The use of these roots with alternation without prefixes is the most common mistake in speech. It seems that everyone has heard at least once the words “lay down” and so on. Such use is unacceptable. To indicate this action, you should use the substitute word "put" and its word forms.
Striped Root Exceptions
It was discussed above how the rule for -lag-, -false- is formulated. Examples were given, but an exception was said. There is one such word - it is "canopy". Here, as we can see, there is an “o” before the letter “g”. It should be noted that the letter is not under stress at the root, and there is a prefix -. That is, all conditions are met, except for the main one - the use of the letter in accordance with the rule.
What is a "canopy"? In explanatory dictionaries, the meaning is given as follows: a curtain that blocks the bed. Nowadays, such a piece of furniture can only be found in villages, from which we can conclude that the word was used in antiquity, when such spelling rules had not yet been derived.
Main mistakes with roots
As mentioned above, not only students, but many people throughout our country are struggling with the task of correct pronunciation and adherence to elementary grammar rules. Words are mangled, broken themstyle, no pronunciation rules are taken into account. So, our roots -lag-, -lie- are most “afraid” of using without prefixes. Unfortunately, this rule is neglected by many. You can often hear such "word forms" as "lay down", "lay down" and so on. Among other things, the stress in these "words" is also placed incorrectly - on the vowel of the root. It should be remembered that it is unacceptable to use them in this way in any case. If there is a desire to put something, then it can also be “put”, that is, use a synonym, the use of which is permissible. Another of these incidents can be considered the word "plant".
Despite the fact that it is officially permissible, there is a more correct form for it - “plant”. The first type was used quite often before, perhaps that is why there is still a place for it in our speech.
How to avoid mistakes
Many people ask how to speak correctly. The answer is quite simple: you need to read as many books as possible. The visual memory of a person is arranged in such a way that it grasps unfamiliar things and “saves” them first in operational and then in long-term memory. In other words, after reading a book with a certain number of new words, they will gradually “settle” in memory. Consolidation will occur automatically, since human psychology is built for the most part on imitation. Subconsciously, the brain will “wedge” new words into your speech, due to which the words will gradually enter the lexicon and stay there.forever and ever. When it comes to spelling, the visual mechanism of memorization will work - the word will be written by itself. In oral speech, in order to prevent such mistakes that were described above, the advice is similar. Another, albeit controversial, piece of advice would be to correct those around you. Surely there are people around you who use certain words incorrectly. By correcting them, you will not only remind yourself of the correct pronunciation, but also help others.
Conclusion
The article considered the rules for using the roots -lag-, -false-, examples of words in which they are contained. It should also be said that the Russian language is the most difficult in the whole world. No other linguistic formation has such a complex system of linking words by cases, numbers, genders. That is why it is impossible to know everything down to the smallest detail. This is not required. A self-respecting person, among other things, is distinguished by the ability to speak competently and coherently. In order to learn this, it is not necessary to sit for days at dictionaries and textbooks - such an approach will not give positive results. It is enough to read books regularly and communicate in a language that will help keep yourself in shape. If you want to learn how to speak a literary language, you can attend linguistic courses - this will be a very good practice in improving the language.
