Let's consider the main types of experiments in educational psychology currently used. Note that for any science, including pedagogy, its systematic development is necessary. Only in this case can we count on the development of new knowledge in the course of various studies and experiments.
Methodology of Pedagogy
Before analyzing various types of psychological and pedagogical experiment, we note that it must be conclusive and objective. This will require certain research methods. Science and the experimenter himself are based on a system of methods and principles for organizing practical and theoretical activities, that is, they are based on methodology.
It includes the main types of experiment in educational psychology, as well as the forms and procedures for cognition and modernization of pedagogical activity.
Levels of methodological knowledge
Currently, there are four criteria that form the system of methodological knowledge:
- Philosophical (highest) level. Includes the basic laws of the development of society, nature, thinking.
- General scientific methodology.
- Specific scientific knowledge.
- Technological methodology associated with obtaining primary empirical material, its high-quality processing.
Philosophical level
This is the most complex type of pedagogical experiment, which is the basis for any methodological knowledge. In foreign pedagogy, philosophical foundations complement a variety of concepts:
- Neo-Thomism.
- Existentialism.
- Pragmatism.
- Neobehaviorism.
In domestic pedagogy, materialistic dialectics is considered the philosophical basis. It is based on the principle of the universal interconnection of phenomena and processes, the transition to qualitative images of quantitative changes.
General scientific methodology
Many domestic teachers are convinced that the basis for the formation of the inner world of a person are the processes of the material world.
The systemic approach is considered as a general scientific methodological approach in domestic pedagogy. It stimulates teachers-researchers to consider phenomena and objects in the form of a system that has certain laws of functioning.
Using a similar approach in domestic educationcontributed to the emergence of such terms as "integrity", "interaction", "pedagogical system". For example, in the pedagogical system, a set of interrelated elements is considered: the subjects of the pedagogical process, the content of education, and the material base. Thanks to the coherence of all elements, the pedagogical process becomes a full-fledged dynamic system. The goal in this case is the factor forming the system.
Concrete scientific approaches
Considering the main types of pedagogical experiment, let's dwell on the application of methodological approaches of pedagogy. Their skillful use contributes to the definition of a scientific and theoretical problem, the development of the main ways and means of solving it, the creation and implementation of innovative technologies in pedagogical practice, and the implementation of forecasting the subsequent development of pedagogical theory and practice.
How to organize pedagogical research
Types of pedagogical experiment and their characteristics are issues that are considered in detail in Russian pedagogy. Pedagogical research is the process and result of a certain scientific activity, which is aimed at acquiring new knowledge about the features of the pedagogical process, its principles, structure, content, and suitable technologies.
Let's continue the conversation about what types of pedagogical experiment there are. It not only explains pedagogical facts and phenomena. Depending on the direction, they distinguish:
- Fundamental experiments that will result in generalizing concepts, development of models for the development of pedagogical systems based on assumptions.
- Applied experiments designed to solve specific practical and theoretical problems.
- Developments that contribute to the substantiation of scientific and practical recommendations on the educational and educational process, methods and forms of organizing the activities of students and teachers.
Any kind of experiment that determines the actual state of the pedagogical process involves posing a problem, choosing a topic, choosing an object and subject of research, setting a hypothesis, choosing an algorithm of actions.
Research Quality Criteria
Relevance, novelty, theoretical and practical significance can be distinguished among them.
It is important to choose the right type of experiment that determines the final state of the pedagogical process in order to cope with the tasks.
Relevance indicates the need to study and solve the problem for the subsequent development of the theory and practice of education.
The purpose of the study is to identify the scientific result that is important to obtain during the experiment. It can be considered as a pedagogical process or an area related to education.
A hypothesis can be considered a set of theoretically substantiated and practical conclusions, patterns of education, itscontent, structure, principles and technologies that were not yet known in pedagogical science by the analyzed moment.
Scientific novelty involves the creation of a new theoretical or practical concept, the identification of patterns, the construction of a model, the development of a system.
The theoretical significance of the study lies in the formation of a concept, the identification of patterns, the identification of a principle, an approach to a certain pedagogical technique. What is the practical significance of a pedagogical experiment? Its types may differ, but the essence is to prepare recommendations for other teachers.
Sequence of conducting
What is the structure of the pedagogical experiment? Its types may differ, but the sequence is similar:
- Initial acquaintance with the problems of the study, explanation of relevance, identification of the subject and object, topics, formulation of the main goal and objectives of the planned study.
- Selection of methodology, supporting theoretical base.
- Thinking over the hypothesis of the experiment.
- Reasonable selection of research methods.
- Experimenting.
- Analysis, processing, registration of the results obtained as part of the work.
- Compilation of practical recommendations.
Working methods
How can a pedagogical experiment be conducted? We discussed the types and methods of this work above. The pedagogical experiment consists in studying various phenomena in education, obtaining newinformation in order to establish regular connections and relationships, in the construction of innovative theories.
Basic principles for selecting research methods:
- The use of various interrelated techniques, observations, sociological research.
- Correspondence of the selected methods with the essence of the research being conducted and the capabilities of the author.
- Unacceptable use of methods that are contrary to morality can cause serious harm to research participants.
Classification of methods
How to conduct a pedagogical experiment? Types and methods of work for this are divided into specific scientific and scientific.
The first group includes:
- Synthesis and analysis, concretization and abstraction, opposition, comparison, deduction, induction.
- Scaling, ranking, correlation, indexing.
- Training, testing, sociometry.
Specific scientific methods are usually divided into practical (empirical) and theoretical.
It is they who help to carry out the pedagogical experiment. Its types and stages depend on the availability of theoretical literature, archival documents and materials, analysis and systematization of empirical information and theoretical materials. These include the analysis of literature, terms and concepts on the research question, the construction of a hypothesis, and the conduct of a thought experiment. This can also include modeling, forecasting, that is, the creation of products of pedagogical and educational work.
Through empirical methods, the teacher collectsmaterial, reveals the forms and methods of educational activities.
Empirical research includes conversation, observation, questioning, interviewing, self-assessment, pedagogical consultation, testing.
They are used together with statistical and mathematical methods, allow you to establish quantitative relationships between the phenomena under consideration.
Important aspects
Any pedagogical experiment must begin with a detailed study of the scientific literature on the problem. What kind of books to choose for such purposes? Psychologists recommend referring to historical and pedagogical documents, as well as viewing material on related sciences: psychology, medicine.
The researcher uses comparative historical analysis in such activities. Teachers often use the modeling technique, choosing visual-figurative characteristics for the phenomena under consideration. For example, you can make an educational program for working with a class team, armed with symbols, mathematical formulas, diagrams, drawings.
After determining the area of research, the teacher compiles a bibliography, that is, writes out those sources that will be required to conduct a full-fledged study.
As the literature is studied, the researcher conducts an annotation - briefly and concisely sets out the main content of the material under consideration.
Conclusion
To explore real teaching experience,teachers practice taking notes. After the modernization of the domestic education system, teachers are required to draw up not only plans for the six months and a year, but also lesson notes for the taught academic discipline.
Experienced teachers cannot imagine their professional activities without numerous observations and monitoring. The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation annually offers all-Russian test papers in various subject areas for such activities. Psychologists and teachers analyze, systematize, generalize the results of such work by schoolchildren.
Based on the results that are obtained after the complete processing of the answers of schoolchildren, representatives of the supervisory authorities draw a conclusion about the quality of the educational and educational process in a particular educational institution, region.
Some categories of schoolchildren, for example, teenagers, can act as objects during observations. In order for the results obtained to be as objective and complete as possible, in addition to teachers, a school psychologist is involved in the research. Testing is carried out in various forms: individual, group, collective.
In an individual study of personality traits, a teenager is offered a list of questions, the answers to which he must give.
There are special methods according to which the results are summed up, the teacher receives certain information about the characteristics of the psyche of his pupil.
Group tests are aimed at identifying the relationship betweenteam members, establishing a comfortable climate in the classroom. Of course, only when conducting a variety of pedagogical experiments, the teacher gets a real idea about schoolchildren, has the opportunity to select the optimal educational and educational development trajectories for them.
