Text is a set of sentences that are grammatically and meaningfully related. Consistent presentation and transmission of the main idea with the help of specific terms, figures of speech and turns of phrase make it possible to achieve unity of style. Ways of connecting sentences in the text provide continuous thought without disturbing its structure.
Text structure
The composition of the text, as a rule, consists of three parts: introduction, main narrative, conclusion. In Russian, several types of texts can be distinguished depending on the structure.
- Linear - consecutive narration of facts or events.
- Stepped - the text is divided into parts that gradually replace each other without violating the semantic integrity.
- Concentric - moving from one thought to another with a return to ideas already expressed.
- Parallel - a method of matching one event to another.
- Discrete - narrative with the intentional omission of certain details to createintrigue.
- Circular - the reader returns at the end of the text to the idea already expressed at the beginning in order to rethink the information after fully familiarizing himself with the topic.
- Contrasting - used to contrast different parts of the text.
Using the relationship between sentences in the text, paragraphs are built. They are separated by meaning and syntactically. Each paragraph has its own small topic, has logic and completeness.
Composition of text in different styles of speech
Depending on the style affiliation, the structure of the text may differ. For example, authors of works of art rarely adhere to strict gradation. The artistic style allows for the violation of causal and spatio-temporal relationships. The composition is based only on the ideological construction of the work.
Texts in scientific, journalistic or business style are usually carried out according to plan. For example, when using the type of speech "reasoning", it is necessary to clearly structure it in parts containing the thesis, proof and conclusion.
Sentence - unit of text
Paragraphs of text make up sentences. They contain a complete judgment, which is facilitated by the semantic, grammatical and syntactic connection of words in a sentence. The syntactic connection depends on the order and meaning of the words in the sentence structure. Grammatical connection is provided through the use of conjunctions, pronouns and changing word forms. The semantic connection is made up of the rules of semantics, as well asusing intonation.
Usually, sentences are phrases in which words have special connections.
Types of connection of words in a phrase
Words in a phrase can enter into a coordinating or subordinating relationship. The relationship between members of a phrase, in which one word depends on another, creates certain grammatical requirements. The dependent word must match the changing morphological features of the main word, that is, be combined with it in time, number, gender and case.
The subordinating relationship, in which the dependent word completely takes over the form of the main word, describes the type of management "consent". Words are used in a single number, case or gender. For example: a beautiful flower, a little girl, a green ball. There is also an incomplete kind of agreement, when the words refer to a different gender: my doctor, conscientious secretary. Most often, a noun and a full adjective (participle), a pronoun, a numeral enter into agreement.
Control expresses the relationship of the action with the subject, that is, it shows its direction. A noun or a part of speech that can replace it (adjective, participle) usually acts as a dependent word. The main word in a phrase becomes a verb, adverb or noun. For example: reading a newspaper, a type of meat, alone with your father.
Adjacency is determined only by semantics. According to the type of junction,phrases from the infinitive, participle or adverb, nouns are often used. For example: singing beautifully, wanting to eat, very beautiful.
Composition of words in a sentence
Rows of words in a sentence can only be connected in meaning and grammatically, while they do not depend on the changing features of each other. Words that enter into such a connection become homogeneous or heterogeneous members in the sentence. In this case, unions of connecting, contrasting and dividing meanings can be used. Unionless rows are connected only by intonation.
Any parts of speech can enter into a coordinative connection. Most often in a sentence, independent rows grammatically refer to one word. Moreover, each of the words can have its own row and spread.
Syntactic ways of linking words in a sentence
A sentence is a more complex unit of Russian syntax, and the relationships between words in a sentence are more branched. The sentence has a grammatical basis and can be extended by minor members. The connection between the subject and the predicate is a characteristic difference between a sentence and a phrase: there can be no predicative relations between the words included in the combination.
The connection that occurs between the main members of the sentence happens:
- equal - words change at the same time, adjusting to each other, which is called coordination. (Autumn rainy);
- unexpressed - no wordsare similar to each other, which is called their juxtaposition. (Father at work);
- double - the nominal part of the compound predicate refers to both the name / pronoun (subject) and its verbal part. (Sister returned from school tired).
Secondary members of the sentence enter into a subordinate relationship with the grammatical basis, forming phrases.
Sentences that have two or more grammatical bases are called complex. Equal relations or subordinating relations may arise between their parts. Communication in complex sentences is carried out using conjunctions and in meaning.
Linking words in complex sentences
Compound complex (CSP) sentences are characterized by the equality and simultaneity of the description of ongoing events. The parts of such a sentence do not depend on each other and can exist separately, as two simple ones, without losing the semantic load. Two grammatical bases are connected (with or without secondary members) with the help of coordinating conjunctions. There are three main groups: dividing, connecting and contrasting. The name of each group explains how the two parts of the complex sentence are connected in a semantic way.
Union-free sentence (BSP) also refers to the coordinative connection. Different grammatical bases are separated by punctuation, intonation and meaning.
Methods of subordination in a sentence are expressed not only inphrases. The next type of complex sentence is based on the subordination of one or more parts to another. A complex sentence (CSP) is formed with the help of conjunctions and allied words that have different semantic meanings. Depending on their meaning, types of subordinate clauses are distinguished (reasons, times, places, conditions, etc.).
Often, especially in artistic and journalistic style, there are NGN with several subordinate clauses. In these cases, there is a different subordinating relationship:
- sequential - sentences depend on each other according to the "chain" principle: the second part from the first, the third from the second, etc.;
- parallel - one part includes clauses of different types;
- homogeneous - the main part includes several subordinate clauses of the same type.
Complex syntactic constructions can simultaneously combine a coordinative connection (in the form of SSP and BSP) and a subordinating one.
Sentence Linking
Methods of connecting sentences in the text are divided into two main ones: sequential and parallel. Sequential narrative is characterized by a gradual and logical development of the main idea. The content of the previous sentence becomes the basis for the new one, and so on along the chain. As a means of connecting sentences, in this case, a synonym, union, pronoun, associative and semantic correspondence can act.
Parallel connection between sentences is based on comparison or opposition. Most texts usingparallel communication is characterized by the use of one sentence as "data" for the development and concretization of ideas. To achieve parallelism, appropriate syntactic, lexical and morphological ways of linking sentences in the text are used.
Lexical methods of linking sentences
The authors resort to the use of lexical connection when creating both sequential and parallel narratives. In this case, the following methods are used as a means of connecting sentences.
- Lexical repetitions - consist in the use of words and their forms, key combinations.
- Words belonging to the same thematic group.
- Synonyms and synonymous substitutions.
- Antonyms.
- Words and their combinations in the meaning of a logical connection (therefore, that's why, in conclusion, etc.).
The use of lexical means of connecting sentences is mainly inherent in sequential narration.
Morphological methods of linking sentences
Means of morphological connection are based on the use of different parts of speech that can match one or more sentences. The effect is achievable only if the correct sequence of words is observed.
Morphological ways of linking between sentences are classified as follows.
- Allied words, conjunctions and particles used at the beginning of a sentence.
- Personal and demonstrative pronouns that replace words from previous sentences.
- Adverbs of place, time, related in meaning to sever altext sentences.
- Use common tenses in verbal predicates.
- Degrees of comparison of adverbs and adjectives related to the previous sentence.
Applicable to both parallelism and sequential storytelling.
Syntactic methods for linking sentences
The syntactic connection of sentences in the text is achieved through the deliberate use of one of the techniques:
- syntactic parallelism (similar word order and morphological design);
- removing the construction from the sentence and designing it as an independent unit of text;
- using an incomplete sentence;
- use of introductory constructions, appeals, rhetorical questions, etc.;
- inversion and direct word order.
The syntactic connection of sentences is characteristic of different styles. Of course, more diverse and bizarre forms can only be seen in fiction or journalism.
The described ways of linking sentences in the text are not the only possible ones. It all depends on the style of the text and the idea of the author. Literary texts do not have clear boundaries - they can be found in the most diverse of all possible communication options. Scientific and official business papers contain texts that are clearer and more structured, meeting all the requirements of logical and space-time connections.
