In this article we will talk about what is the connection of words in a phrase, what types of them exist, how they differ from each other. This topic requires some terminological explanation.
In particular, in order to understand what are the ways of linking words, you must first determine what the term "phrase" itself is. After that, we will move on to the question of what is the connection of words in a phrase. Our "lesson" will continue with a detailed discussion of control, coordination and adjacency and will end with a little hint that you can use to avoid making mistakes in their definition.
Note that this is a very important topic, because the USE pays great attention to the question of what is the connection of words in a phrase. This test in all variants includes the definition of communication types.
Definition of concept"phrase"
A phrase is a combination of two or more words that are grammatically and meaningfully related, serving to delineate a certain single concept (action, quality of an object or the object itself, etc.).
It is a unit of syntax that performs a communicative function (in other words, enters into speech) only as part of a sentence.
Today it is generally accepted that phrases include compounds of some words precisely on the basis of a subordinate connection, that is, they must have two components - the main and the dependent member. Some of the researchers of the language structure also include combinations of homogeneous sentence members in a separate group - coordinating phrases, but we will adhere to the traditional classification and exclude them from our consideration also because in order for there to be control, agreement and adjacency, that is ways of connecting words that interest us, it is necessary that significant parts of speech be connected precisely by a subordinating connection.
Grammar homonymy
Consider, for example, the combination of the words "read to yourself". Here there is an effect of the so-called grammatical homonymy. Two questions can be asked to this phrase: "Read about whom?" and "Read how?". In the latter case, when reading not aloud is meant, "to oneself" acts as an adverb, and this is an unchangeable word, therefore, it adjoins the main one. In the second case, when there is a meaning "about oneself", the dependent part of speech is used in some case form, that is, it is controlled by the main one, and therefore it will be control.
Recall that in a sentence, words can be connected either by a subordinating or a coordinating connection, since there are two types of them: subordination and composition.
What is an essay?
Composition is a combination of independent or syntactically equal elements. This can be a connection in a simple sentence of homogeneous members (slowly but surely; cats and dogs) or parts of a sentence (complex non-union or compound).
What is submission?
Subordination - a connection of unequal syntactically elements (parts of a complex sentence, as well as individual words in it).
In the phrase there is only a subordinating relationship between significant parts of speech. Therefore, when it is proposed to find agreement, control or adjacency in the text, that is, connections with a subordinating connection, we can immediately remove the combination of subject and predicate from the circle of our search (that is, the grammatical basis of this sentence), compound verbal and nominal predicates and introductory words. It is on the latter that you should pay special attention, since subordinate connections in one form or another can have introductory sentences and phrases. Examples: "Something flashed in the sky. Maybe lightning." "Maybe" is the key word here. And such expressions as "as it seems to me" and "according to herwords" are introductory sentences and combinations.
Agreement, junction and control are the main types of subordination.
Agreement: Definition
Agreement is such a connection of words in a phrase, in which the form is likened to the main dependent, that is, it is used in the same number, gender and case as the one to which it refers - a noun or another part of speech in its meaning: "dear mourners" or "not every "that" is written with a hyphen." When the main word changes, the dependent word also changes.
Which words can be dependent upon agreement?
In the text it is not difficult to find combinations with this type of connection, if you remember that only inflected parts of speech always act as a subordinate word (that is, a dependent one): possessive pronouns (from your statement), relative pronouns (which way), demonstrative (this infamy), attributive (of all kinds of consequences, all good), negative pronouns (by no means), indefinite (some comrades), adjectives (with the heaviest burden, total unfreedom, about a heavy burden), full participles (a raging hurricane), as well as ordinal numbers (twentieth year) and nouns that are consistent applications, correlated in number and case with the main word (if the corresponding noun can change in numbers); their gender is always unchanged, therefore, such phrases cannot agree on this basis. Examples: in a new building, mother-teacher.
Substantiated words
and good." These two concepts ("bad" and "good") form a combination with the main word, called management, since they are nouns in this context. We ask the question: "Related to what?". And we answer: "Both for bad and for good."
Cardinal numbers
A special case is cardinal numbers in phrases. In them, they usually act as dependent words, but not always. For example, in the accusative and nominative cases, such numerals are always the main member, and in other forms they are subordinate. You can compare the following sentences: "I have worked at school for twenty years" and "I work until six o'clock." In the combination of the words "up to six o'clock", the numeral "six" in the genitive case is a dependent word. You can ask the question: "How many hours do you work?". And answer: "Up to six." In the expression "twenty years" the main word is the numeral "twenty". We ask the following question: "Twenty what?". And we answer: "Twenty years." This case is management. In Russianthe language very often uses a similar phrase.
Management: Definition
We gradually approached the consideration of the following type of connection of two significant parts of speech. Control is a connection of words in a phrase, characterized by the fact that the dependent word (a noun or another part of speech in its function: a substantiated word, a pronoun, a numeral (look at both / at those sitting / at him / at a friend)) is put in a certain case form (with or without a preposition), which is determined by the main member, its lexical and grammatical meaning. Such a word can be a noun, a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a quantitative numeral in the accusative or nominative case, words of the state category.
In other words, the principal of the dependent requires some case form.
Note that this very term "management" already contains a hint that Russian phrases of this kind are characterized by the control of one word by another.
Control Features
With this type of connection, dependent members always answer questions of indirect cases: "remembered the story", "he should have been released", "he sat out for a day", "it seemed on the road", etc.
Please note that some Russian phrases, despite the fact that you can ask them other, namely circumstantial, questions (was sitting (where?) and (on what?) on the mode) - this is exactlycontrol, because the presence of prepositions in them indicates it.
Thus, a preposition is always a sign that this phrase is control, not adjunction.
Adjacent: Definition
Now let's consider the last kind of connection. Adjacency is such a connection of words in a phrase in which it is grammatically, and not lexically (that is, in meaning), that the dependence of the subordinate word, intonation and their order is expressed. Only invariable parts of speech can adjoin: this is an infinitive, an adverb, an invariable adjective (khaki) and its comparative degree, while a simple (older children), a noun acting as an inconsistent application (for example, in the Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper), possessive pronouns them, her, him. Keeping this in mind, one can easily find in the text the connection of words in the phrase "adjacency". After all, this term itself is transparent: the dependent explains the main thing, joins it.
Adjacency features
The main word in such combinations can be a verb, noun, adjective, adverb, participle and participle.
It is necessary to pay special attention to the connection of words with possessive pronouns her, him, them, because they, unlike the forms of personal pronouns homonymous to them, do not change, therefore they act only in such a connection as adjunction. For example: "Tomorrow she should have been released." Here "her" is the form of the personal pronoun "she" in the genitive case, so before us inin this case communication management. And in another sentence - "Her eyes were blue" - this is already a possessive pronoun, which is invariable, therefore it is connected with the main word by adjunction.
Special adjacency case
A special case of this type of connection is when the infinitive acts as a dependent word: "I demand to keep up appearances." In this sentence, the phrase "I demand to comply" is not a compound verbal predicate, since this action is carried out by different persons (subjects): I demand, and you / he / they, etc. will comply, therefore, other persons / person in this case are an addition, not part of a compound predicate.
In complex sentences, allied words are relative pronouns "whose", "what", "which", "how much", "what", "who" in the forms of indirect cases (the same parts of speech in simple ones act as interrogative), as well as adverbs how, how, why, why, from where, when, where, where - are also dependent in phrases with different types of connection.
Summing up
Thus, when determining what type to attribute this or that expression to, you can use the following hint:
when agreeing, the main word to the dependent has three requirements - number, gender and case;
when managing, there is only one requirement - case;
nothing required when joining.
Helps you better remember information aboutwhat is the connection of words in a phrase, table.
| coordination | management | adjunction |
| gender, number, case | case | - |
