The foundation of pedagogy is philosophy. Namely, that part of it that deals with the problems of education. These sciences are not just related to each other - they are interconnected. Now it is about this topic that we will talk about. Also, within its framework, it will talk about the criteria, functions and tasks of pedagogy.
Origins
Before moving on to the discussion of the designated topic, it is necessary to briefly talk about how teaching began in general.
The founder of pedagogy is the Czech humanist, public figure, writer and bishop of the Czech Brotherhood Church - Jan Amos Comenius.
He was intensely engaged in the ideas of didactics and pansophy (teaching everyone everything). Interestingly, Yang recognized only three sources of knowledge - faith, reason and feelings. And in the development of knowledge, he distinguished only three stages - practical, empirical and scientific. The scientist believed that universal education and the formation of a new school would help in the future to educate children in the spirit of humanism.
Jan AmosComenius believed that pedagogy should stand on the foundation of discipline. The scientist assured that the learning process will give results only if there is a classroom organization and special aids (textbooks), knowledge testing and a ban on skipping classes.
He also attached great importance to systematicity, conformity to nature, consistency, visibility, feasibility and consciousness. In addition, Jan Comenius considered the concepts of education and upbringing to be inseparable.
But the scientist attached the greatest importance to such phenomena as naturalness and order. Hence the key requirements for teaching: teaching must begin as early as possible, and the material offered must be age-appropriate.
Jan Amos was convinced that pedagogy should stand on the foundation of globality. Because he believed that the human mind is capable of embracing everything - for this it is only necessary to observe a consistent, gradual advance. One must follow from the familiar to the unfamiliar, from the near to the far, from the whole to the particular. Comenius considered the goal of pedagogy to be bringing students to the assimilation of a whole system of knowledge, and not some fragmentary information.
Categories
This topic should be given attention before talking about what constitutes the methodological foundation of pedagogy (preschool, general school or higher). In general, it is customary to distinguish the following categories:
- Education. It is not only a process, but also the result of a person's assimilation of knowledge and experience. Targeteducation is to make positive changes in the way students think and behave.
- Training. This is the name of the process aimed at the formation and subsequent development of knowledge, skills, and abilities. Here, the requirements of modern activity and life are necessarily taken into account.
- Education. A multi-valued concept, which is more often considered as a social concept, a kind of activity aimed at cultivating in a person those qualities that he can successfully implement in society.
- Pedagogical activity. This is also one of the criteria. As you might guess, this is the name of the type of professional activity, which is aimed at realizing the goals of education. It includes several aspects. Three, to be more precise - communicative, organizational and constructive.
- Pedagogical process. This concept refers to the interaction between the teacher and the student. The purpose of the process is to transfer the teacher's experience and knowledge to the pupil. It is in its course that the goals of education are realized. How effective this process is is determined by the quality of the feedback that occurs.
- Pedagogical interaction. This is not only a key concept of pedagogy, but also a scientific principle that forms the basis of education. Experienced, talented teachers have a special flair and tact - due to these qualities, they skillfully manage relationships with students, improving as their intellectual and spiritual needs become more complex.
- Pedagogical technologies. This concept is defineda set of methods and means of reproducing the processes of education and training, which are justified theoretically, but are also applied in practice (in order to achieve educational goals, of course).
- Pedagogical task. This is the last category. Under this term, a certain situation is perceived, which is correlated with the purpose of pedagogical activity and the conditions for its further implementation.
Relationship with philosophy
The foundation of pedagogy is precisely this science. She provided the basis for the development of basic teaching concepts:
- Neopragmatism. The essence of this concept lies in the self-affirmation of the individual.
- Pragmatism. This philosophical and pedagogical direction stands for the achievement of educational goals in practice, as well as for the convergence of education with life.
- Behaviorism. In the context of this concept, human behavior is considered as a controlled process.
- Neopositivism. Its goal is to comprehend the complex of phenomena that the scientific and technological revolution provoked. In the future, this is used to form rational thinking.
- Neo-Thomism. According to this teaching, the basis of education should be the spiritual principle.
- Existentialism. This direction recognizes the individual as the highest value in this world.
It is also worth noting the methodological function of philosophy, also called the guide. It manifests itself in the development of a system of general methods and key principles of scientific knowledge. And without this, pedagogy itself would not exist.
Theosophy
This concept means the mystical knowledge of God and the contemplation of the Almighty, in the light of which the mysterious knowledge of all things is revealed.
There is an opinion that the foundation of pedagogy is theosophy. There is a certain amount of truth in this. After all, this science is really considered the basis of every religious school.
The theosophical humanistic paradigm is deeply rooted in folk pedagogy, and it is believed that it correctly forms ideas of virtuous behavior in children and adolescents.
In this context, special attention is paid to the impact of belief in the supernatural directly on the state of mind, the inner world of a person. And this is relevant for solving problems related to spiritual and moral education.
This is not the only reason why it is customary to consider Theosophy as the foundation of pedagogy. Here everything is much more global. After all, people have long lived in the world under the sign of the presence of a deity. Religion is associated with the concept of conscientiousness, piety, peacefulness. Because this is the need of every person - to find a sense of spiritual comfort.
Yes, and the whole history testifies that the human desire for religion is natural, and therefore ineradicable. Therefore, theosophy constitutes the methodological foundation of pedagogy - preschool, general and higher. Even the subject of "religious studies" is found in many schools and universities.
History
Talking about what is the foundation of pedagogy, it is necessary to pay attention to the historical aspect. It is very important. After all, the history of pedagogy is a key discipline of the teaching cycle, as well as an academic subject included in the vocational education program.
It is this science, which is a whole separate branch, that makes up the development of the practice and theory of education, upbringing and training in different historical epochs. Modernity, of course, is also included in the context of the historical development of pedagogy.
And again, there is a direct connection with philosophy. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel said that it is impossible to understand the present and see the future without knowing the past.
And the Russian historian of pedagogy M. I. Demkov wrote that only by studying the centuries-old life of peoples, one can more fully understand, and in the future appreciate the significance of the modern theory of education, methodology and didactics, as well as its role.
It would be reasonable to say that the foundation of pedagogy is its constant study. This manifests itself in the following:
- Review of the patterns of education as a social and universal phenomenon. Exploring its dependence on the needs of people who are constantly changing.
- Revealing the relationship between the goals, content and organization of education with the level of economic development of society, culture and science. Of course, all this is taking into account a certain historical era.
- Identification of humanistically and rationally oriented teaching tools developed byprogressive teachers of past generations.
- Discovering the development of teaching as a science.
- Generalization of everything positive that was successfully accumulated by pedagogy in previous eras.
And of course, we must not forget about the relationship of this branch with other sciences. After all, its content includes not only pedagogical, but also social science knowledge. Psychology, culture, sociology, private methods - all this has to do with it.
Awareness of this fact makes it possible to consider pedagogical phenomena in direct connection with the history of society, not forgetting their specificity and avoiding a flat approach to them.
Psychology
It has already been said above that pedagogy should stand on the foundation of the science of philosophy. But within the framework of this topic, one cannot ignore the question of how this branch has to do with psychology. It must be said that it is rather controversial.
It is believed that pedagogy is in "subordination" to this science. Back in the 18th century, the opinion was established that the tasks in the field of teaching cannot be solved outside and without psychology.
And some well-known experts, like M. G. Yaroshevsky, for example, even assured that the entire learning process is based only on the principles of this science. I. F. Herbart, for example, considered pedagogy an “applied psychology.”
Even more radical statements are found in the works of KD Ushinsky. The Russian writer said that it is psychology that gives the teacher loy altyvision and the strength to help him freely give children any direction in learning, according to his beliefs.
Now you can look at all this differently. Previously, it was believed that pedagogy should stand on the foundation of the science of psychology because the subject of its activity was perceived by children, students, whose behavior is regulated by the psyche. Allegedly, the teacher, not knowing its features, could not control the learning process. Due to the absence at that time of the theory of activity and the concepts of an objective and social phenomenon, pedagogy simply could not identify its own specific subject. That is why psychology was the "support".
How is the situation nowadays? Until now, the assertion that the foundation of pedagogy is psychology takes place. Moreover, it is widespread in the mass consciousness. However, the truth is different. The subject of pedagogy is not a child, but education and training. And therefore it turns out to be in the sphere of social formations, and not the psyche.
What conclusion follows from this? That pedagogy is a social science. And her experiments are either theoretical or organizational in nature. Of course, psychology also has a social origin, but the point is that each science has its own boundaries, defined by a specific subject. In the field of teaching, it is education and upbringing. And the subject of pedagogy is the person involved in this activity. That is the teacher.
Age Pedagogy
Industries that are related to it occupya special place in the system of education sciences. And this topic cannot be ignored when talking about the foundation of pedagogy.
This is the most important section of knowledge. And it is directly related to the topic under discussion. Age pedagogy studies all the subtleties and patterns of upbringing, as well as teaching children in accordance with the characteristics that are due to their age development. The following industries are distinguished:
- Preschool Pedagogy. Its purpose is to study the features of designing the education of children before they enter school. Particular attention is paid to the development of principles for their further application in private, public and non-governmental institutions. The conditions of families are also taken into account (ordinary, large, incomplete, etc.).
- Pedagogy of the school. This is the richest and most developed industry. Its foundation is a set of educational models that existed in different states, civilizations, formations, as well as all known ideologies.
- Pedagogy of higher education. It applies not only to age, but also to industry. Since the higher school is an educational institution of the highest rank. After all, she is engaged in the preparation of professionals, and is the last step in training. Such education provides an opportunity to develop not only professionally, but also personally and spiritually. It plays a role in teaching students ethics, aesthetics, culture, etc.
It is also worth noting that, in addition to these three main branches, there is also vocational and specialized secondary pedagogy. Howeverthey are not so developed, some experts even believe that they are still in their infancy.
Methodological foundation of preschool pedagogy
He should be focused on. It should be noted right away that the methodological foundations of preschool pedagogy are what reflects the modern level of the philosophy of education.
One of the key approaches is axiological. It determines the totality of acquired values in self-development, upbringing and education.
How does this approach apply to very young children? Its principles are to instill in preschoolers the values of culture, he alth, knowledge, work, play and the joy of communication. They are permanent, unconditional.
The second key approach is cultural. This methodological foundation of preschool pedagogy was developed by Adolf Diesterweg, and further developed by K. D. Ushinsky.
It implies the obligatory consideration of the conditions of the time and place where the child was born and grows. It also takes into account its immediate environment, the historical past of the country, region and city, as well as the main value orientations of the people. It is the dialogue of cultures that is the basis for introducing children to customs, traditions, norms, as well as the rules of communication.
Since pedagogy is the science of educating and educating a person, the approaches followed by a teacher (no matter what age group he deals with) determine his position and attitude to the personality of each student, as well as understanding hisown role in the issue of education and upbringing.
Functions of Pedagogy
Earlier, it was told about what is the foundation of pedagogy. Philosophy, Theosophy and Psychology are also considered in this context. What are the functions of this science? There are many of them, and the key ones should be highlighted in the following list:
- Cognitive. It consists in the study of experience and various practices.
- Diagnostic. It is aimed at studying the causes of certain processes and phenomena inherent in the process of education and upbringing.
- Scientific content. It implies the mastery of theory, as well as the explanation of pedagogical phenomena.
- Prognostic. It can be traced in the extrapolation of ideas to other phenomena, as well as to the prospects for their further development.
- Transformative. It consists in introducing the achievements of best practices directly into practice.
- Integrating. This function can manifest itself both within the subject and between disciplines.
- Culturological. It manifests itself in the formation of pedagogical culture.
- Organizational and methodological. This function reflects the following principle: the teaching methodology of pedagogy is a guideline for further rebuilding for the better the concepts in accordance with which other disciplines are taught.
- Projective-constructive. It involves the development of methods that determine further teaching activities.
Pedagogy, realizing the listed functions, also solves the problem of studying personalqualities of pupils and students, as well as their ability to improve. But the goals of this area, of course, are much greater. However, this can be told separately.
Tasks of Pedagogy
They are also numerous. Above it was told about what are the functions of pedagogy. Tasks can also be defined in a long list:
- Studying and further summarizing the experience of activities and practices.
- Development of social and pedagogical goals, philosophical and methodological problems, as well as technologies and patterns of development, upbringing, training and education.
- Forecasting the pedagogical and socio-economic aspects of cooperation with people.
- Determining the prospects for the versatile development of the individual in the process of teaching.
- Substantiation of means and ways of individualization and differentiation of teaching work based on the unity of such concepts as development, education and training.
- Developing pedagogical research methods as well as methodological issues directly.
- Preparing children for socially useful activities.
- Studying the effectiveness of various ways to optimize and enhance the teaching process, strengthening and maintaining the he alth of its direct participants.
- Finding the most optimal ways to develop spiritual culture, scientific outlook and civic maturity.
- Developing the basis for vocational and general education, andits content, new curricula, thematic plans, manuals, materials, means and forms of education, etc.
- Building a system capable of providing continuous education at every stage of a person's life.
- Developing problems regarding the justification of the conditions necessary to improve the effectiveness of self-improvement.
- Exploring areas of training and development that are innovative or promising.
- Generalization and further dissemination of the experience of teachers.
- Continuous study of pedagogy, determination of the most valuable and instructive, implementation of the best experience into practice.
The list is impressive. And this is not all that is the task of pedagogy. However, the solution of all of them is subject to a common goal - to improve the quality of education and educate worthy members of a progressive society.
