Science 2024, December

Having overcome many stages of development, humanity lives in an era of humanism, which is expressed, among other things, in a loyal attitude towards citizens with disabilities or with existing physical disabilities. In order for these citizens not to feel isolated, but to be complete, a lot of efforts are applied in modern society. The normal infusion of people with disabilities into society since childhood is largely facilitated by such a science as special pedagogy

Map projection is an image of the Earth's surface on a plane. But why do the outlines of the continents differ slightly on different maps? The answer to this question, as well as to many others regarding map projections, their types and properties, is presented in the article below

Collecting feedback on the abstract is an important part of preparing for the thesis defense. The article below contains the main requirements and recommendations that must be met in order to write or receive a high-quality positive review of the dissertation abstract

The human body is a complex system. It is not for nothing that in medical universities they devote a lot of time to the study of anatomy. The structure of the auditory system is one of the most difficult topics. Therefore, some students are lost when they hear the question "What is the tympanic cavity?" at the exam. It will be interesting to learn about this for people who do not have a medical education. Let's explore this topic later in the article

The moon Ganymede is the most prominent object in Jupiter's suite. A gas giant among the planets, it stands out among the moons of the solar system in size. In terms of diameter, Ganymede is even ahead of Mercury and Pluto. However, not only because of its size, the satellite of Jupiter attracts the eyes of researchers

Carl Sagan is one of the great people of the 20th century. He stood at the intersection of such advanced sciences as astrophysics, exobiology, interstellar communications

David Hilbert is a well-known all-round mathematician and teacher of the highest class, never tired, persistent in his intentions, inspiring and generous - one of the greats of his time. His creative power, original originality of thinking, amazing insight and versatility of interests made David a pioneer in most areas of the exact sciences

The theory of relativity breaks the ordinary idea of life, and relativistic effects are amazing

People have always dreamed of flying. They observed birds and invented various wing designs for flight. But the first aircraft that lifted a man into the air was devoid of wings

One of the first rules that students learn in elementary school is associated with the letter "soft sign". In words, it performs various functions. The first and main is to indicate softened consonants

Extraterrestrial life causes a lot of controversy among scientists. Often ordinary people think about the existence of aliens. To date, many facts have been found that confirm that there is also life outside the Earth. Do aliens exist? This, and much more, you can find out in our article

The invention of steam engines was a turning point in human history. Somewhere at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries, inefficient manual labor, water wheels and windmills began to be replaced with completely new and unique mechanisms - steam engines

We often hear the medical term "antiseptics". There are many of them in the pharmacy, and they are necessary. But what is it? Why are they applied? What are they made of?

In the vast space there is a huge, incredible number of stars. Stars and star systems are very different, it is impossible to meet two absolutely identical objects. In order to better understand what we see in the starry sky, it is worth learning a little about the classification of star systems

Kiel is a constellation that occupies a section of the southern hemisphere of the sky with an area of 494.2 square degrees. The full visibility coordinates are located south of 15 ° north latitude, which is why the constellation cannot be detected from the territory of Russia. The Latin name for this star cluster is Carinae (short for Car), which literally translates as the keel of a ship

Shield is a very small constellation in the southern hemisphere, located near the celestial equator and visible at latitudes from +80 to -94 degrees. It is well visible from the territory of Russia. The area occupied by the Shield is only 109.1 square degrees (0.26% of the night sky), which corresponds to the 84th position in size among the 88 officially known constellations

If you look closely at the night sky, it is easy to notice that the stars looking at us differ in color. Bluish, white, red, they shine evenly or flicker like a Christmas tree garland. Through a telescope, color differences become more apparent

Neoteny is usually first learned in biology classes, studying the class Amphibians. Neoteny is a developmental delay in a number of species in which the possibility of sexual reproduction occurs before adulthood. Usually neoteny is considered on a living example of amphibians, worms or arthropods. But a number of anthropologists argue that man is also a product of neoteny

The phylogeny and classification of fungi has been changed and revised by microbiology from the nineteenth century to the present day. Mushrooms that grow all their lives, like plants, but at the same time crawl and devour other organisms - is this possible? Yes, modern studies of the ultrastructure of the cell, its biochemistry and physiological characteristics allow us to conclude that fungi have an intermediate position, which have the characteristics of animals and plants

Hydroxycinnamic acids: general characteristics, description of phenols and their importance in the plant world. Pharmacological effect of these compounds on the human body. Typical representatives of this class of biologically active substances

Intermediate filaments: general description, location, types and their characteristics. The structure and features of the proteins from which they are built. Functions of intermediate filaments and their relationship with the occurrence of certain diseases

Milankovitch cycles: the essence of the theory, the influence of the peculiarities of the Earth's motion in space on the planet's climate. Basic astronomical factors. Ice ages and global warming in the history of the Earth. Disadvantages and contradictions in the Milankovitch theory

What is biodiversity? What steps are being taken to preserve it in various countries, including Russia? Importance of biodiversity conservation in society. Why is its preservation so important in the development and preservation of mankind and human civilization?

The greatest discoveries of the 21st century. What discoveries have been made since 2000? Scientific discoveries in physics, mathematics, biology. Scientific discoveries in Russia. Creation of supercomputers, decoding of the human genome, achievements in various fields of science and technology

Movement of the solar system in the Galaxy, the speed of the Sun, direction. How planets move in the universe. How the Galaxy moves, in what direction and at what speed. How objects move in the Galaxy, where their movement is directed. Is the galaxy expanding or contracting?

Short biography of Joseph Schumpeter. Schumpeter's theory of economic development. What, according to Schumpeter, affects the development of the economy, what factors play an important role in the economy of the entrepreneur and economic cycles. Historical substantiation of the theory of economic development. What awaits the country in case of refusal of economic development. Positive examples of the practical application of Schumpeter's theory

In our article we will consider the features of generative propagation of plants. It is this process that is the most progressive way to reproduce their own kind, providing a variety of hereditary material for descendants and adaptation

All chemical elements can be conditionally divided into non-metals and metals. Do you know how they differ? How to determine their position in the table of chemical elements? You will find answers to these and other questions in our article

Natural geometric patterns or patterns appear as repeating shapes that can sometimes be described or represented by mathematical models. Geometry in nature and life comes in various forms and types, for example, symmetry, spirals or waves

Hard drinking water can have moderate he alth benefits but can pose critical problems in industrial settings where its hardness is controlled in boilers, cooling towers and other equipment that regulates water. But what is water hardness? And how to figure it out?

Did you know that modification variation, unlike mutational variation, is driven solely by environmental factors? Which of these changes is more important for the adaptation of organisms? You will find answers to these and many other questions in our article

Enzymes are biocatalysts that play an important role at all stages of metabolism and biochemical reactions. They are of particular interest and are used as organic catalysts in numerous industrial scale processes. This article provides an overview of microbial enzymes and their classification

How do astronauts sleep in space? Do they spend their "night" rest in free flight around the ISS, or do they fasten their sleeping places and themselves to something? Do the conditions of weightlessness help or hinder them? How astronauts sleep on the ISS, photos of sleeping places, as well as the work schedule can be seen below

The scientific study of probability is a modern development. Gambling shows that there has been an interest in quantifying the ideas of probability for thousands of years, but precise mathematical descriptions of the use in these problems came much later

Igor Smirnov is a famous Russian scientist, doctor of medical sciences. Active Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. First of all, he is known as one of the founders of computer psychotechnologies. He worked both in the Soviet Union and in the USA. At home, he headed the Institute of Computer Psychotechnologies, worked in the capital's medical academy

One of the main tasks of theoretical physics today is to find an answer to the question of whether there are higher dimensions. Does space really only consist of length, width and height, or is it just a limitation of human perception? For millennia, scientists strongly rejected the idea of the existence of a multidimensional space. However, the scientific and technological revolution has changed a lot, and today science is no longer so categorical on the issue of higher dimensions

An attempt to explain what wave-particle duality is is still at the center of the quantum physics debate. The main meaning of the concept of wave-particle duality is that the behavior of electromagnetic radiation and matter can be described using a differential equation that represents the wave function, usually the Schrödinger equation

The concept of time is one of the most mysterious in modern science. Before the Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago, the consequence of which, according to modern scientific theories, was the emergence of the universe, it did not exist. But without time, the existence of space is impossible, and as a consequence, movement. As a result of the Big Bang, the universal clock was launched, which provoked the movement of all matter in the Universe

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the part of the nervous system that regulates internal organs. The second name of the ANS is autonomous, since its work occurs at an unconscious level and does not depend on the will of a person. It is conditionally divided into two departments - sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PSNS). The active substance of the first is the well-known adrenaline. The second neurotransmitter is acetylcholine. The longest nerve in the human body is the vagus

Currently, a significant part of the research on the planetology of the solar system is devoted to the satellites of the giant planets. Interest in them increased at the turn of the seventies and eighties, after the very first images from the Voyager spacecraft revealed to scientists the amazing diversity and complexity of these remote worlds. One of the promising objects of study is the largest satellite of Jupiter - Ganymede