Unsolvable problems are 7 most interesting mathematical problems. Each of them was proposed at one time by well-known scientists, as a rule, in the form of hypotheses. For many decades, mathematicians all over the world have been racking their brains over their solution. Those who succeed will be rewarded with a million US dollars offered by the Clay Institute
Science 2024, November
In the field of artificial intelligence, an evolutionary algorithm (EA) is a subset of total population calculations based on metaheuristic optimization. EA uses mechanisms inspired by biological development such as reproduction, mutation, recombination and selection. The candidate solution in the problem of evolutionary optimization algorithms plays the role of individuals in the population. And also the fitness function determines the quality of the answers
Many people mistakenly believe that they first encounter geometric shapes in high school. There they learn their names. But in fact, from childhood, any object that a child sees, feels, smells or interacts with him in any other way is precisely a geometric figure
If you feel like you've been getting a little fat and heavier lately, it's time to go to the moon. Gravity there is much less than on Earth, which means that you will experience many times less gravity from your own weight. Recall that weight is the product of body mass and the force of attraction, which on the moon is only 17% of the earth's
The branches of the humanities include not only the Russian language and literature, as many people think. Here you can distinguish a whole range of scientific disciplines. One of the lesser known is sociolinguistics. Few people can say with certainty what it is. Although sociolinguistics as a science plays an important role in the language development of modern society
Isaac Newton, the world-famous physicist, once conducted an interesting experiment: he installed a trihedral prism in the path of an ordinary sunbeam, as a result of which it decomposed into 6 primary colors. It is worth noting that the scientist was initially able to distinguish only 5 segments from them, but then he decided that he would divide this beam by as many as seven, so that the number was equal to the number of notes
For a long time many properties of matter remained a secret for researchers. Why do some substances conduct electricity well, while others do not? Why does iron gradually break down under the influence of the atmosphere, while noble metals are perfectly preserved for thousands of years? Many of these questions were answered after a person became aware of the structure of the atom: its structure, the number of electrons in each electron layer
Recently, more and more often you can hear the question of where palladium is used and how to get it. This is not at all accidental, because its value and nobility play an important role. Many people want to acquire this expensive metal for various reasons, but not everyone succeeds. It's hard to find palladium just by walking down the road, although it can happen to the lucky ones
"Social" is synonymous with "public". Therefore, any definition that includes at least one of these two terms implies the existence of a connected set of people, that is, society. It is assumed that all social phenomena are the result of joint labor
A person is not born, a person becomes. This is how you can briefly describe the theory of A. N. Leontiev, a prominent representative of the psychological science of the USSR
Each of the periods of a person's life is called an age or development cycle. The onset of a certain cycle is accompanied by a number of changes, both physiological and psychological. Such periods are quite long, and in each of them a person faces various important tasks
The article describes the main stages of human development, their properties and features. The life cycle is considered from the standpoint of several theories
There are three main types of worms: Flatworms, Roundworms and Annelids. Each of them is divided into classes into which the types of worms are combined according to the similarity of certain signs. In this article, we will describe types and classes. We will also touch on their individual types. You will learn basic information about worms: their structure, characteristics, role in nature
Trial and error is a popular way of solving problems and finding answers to various problems. We invite you to learn more about this method
The sociometric method is a system for diagnosing emotional ties, relationships or mutual sympathy between members of the same group. In the process of research, the degree of disunity-cohesion of the group is measured, signs of sympathy-antipathy of the members of the group in relation to the authorities (rejected, leaders, stars) are revealed
The functions of communication are information-communicative, emotional-communicative and regulatory-communicative. However, researchers define them differently. After reading this article, you will learn what the essence, tasks and role of communication are. We will also talk about the functions of this process
Everyone knows what needs are and can easily list their own. But there are still needs of the social group to which (or to which) he belongs. Personal needs and interests are sometimes subordinated to the general ones. Which of them are more significant than their own?
The activity of people in the learning process is educational and cognitive in nature. Therefore, the effectiveness of training as a whole and in many respects is determined by the ability of teachers to organize the educational process in accordance with the basic laws of educational and cognitive activity of students. Taking them into account, various pedagogical (didactic) concepts of learning are also being developed
This bacterium is among the microbes that are very widespread in nature. Hay stick was described in 1835. The microorganism received this name from the fact that it was originally isolated from overripe hay. In the laboratory, in a sealed container, hay was boiled in liquid, then insisted for two or three days. After that, a colony of Bacillus Subtilis was formed. Thus began a detailed study of this common bacterium
Who ever lifted the freshly cut grass, he saw a whitish coating under it. This is the bacteria Bacillus subtilis. This bacterium, unusually common in nature, was originally grown on broken hay. That's why we call it hay stick
The mineral limonite is an interesting object of mineralogy to study. This is not just some single stone with a certain chemical composition. Limonite is a group of natural mineral formations, which consists of goethite, hydrogoethite and lepidocrocite
Desertification is a process of land degradation that occurs in various parts of the world under the influence of human activity and global climate change. As a result, in some areas of the planet there are zones where environmental conditions become similar to the desert
Acids are chemical compounds containing hydrogen atoms that can be replaced by metal particles and an acidic residue. They can also be defined as substances that can react with a chemical base to form s alt and water
Elements whose atoms contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. An example is hydrogen, which has three isotopes. These are hydrogen with zero neutrons, deuterium with one neutron, and tritium, which has two neutrons. This article will focus on deuterium, also known as heavy hydrogen
Mikhail Borisovich Kornienko is a Russian test cosmonaut, Hero of the Russian Federation. After 2 flights in 2016, M. Kornienko took 22nd place in the list of "50 most influential people in the world", according to Fortune. They compared Kornienko's contribution to space exploration with the launches of the Apollo and Soyuz-19 spacecraft
The article discusses such a phenomenon as a social effect. Some aspects that influence it are considered
Skinner was one of the most famous psychologists of his time. It was he who stood at the origins of the direction, which today in science is called behaviorism. Read about Skinner's theory and its basic concepts in the article
The main topic of this article will be the consideration of the concept of a colloidal particle. Here we will study the concept of a colloidal solution and micelles, as well as get acquainted with the main species diversity of colloidal particles. Separately, we will dwell on the various features of the term under study, some individual concepts and much more
Grace Hopper is famous for her inventions in the computer industry. She is the co-author of UNIVAC-1, the first ever commercial automated computer, one of the creators of the COBOL programming language, and an outstanding mathematician
Alan Mathison Turing is a world-famous genius scientist, codebreaker, computer science pioneer, a man with an amazing destiny, who had a significant impact on the development of computer technology. Turing was described by contemporaries as slightly eccentric, not overly charming, rather acrimonious, and endlessly industrious
If you are in a depressed state, aware of the perishability of being, worried and thinking about your own imperfection, do not worry - this is temporary. And if your emotional state is in balance and nothing disturbs you, do not flatter yourself - it may not be for long
Characteristics of plants of the umbrella family. Plant varieties: crops grown in agriculture, medicinal and poisonous
A breeder is a natural person who has improved certain properties of a known plant, animal, microorganism or developed a new variety, breed or species. A selection achievement is the result of a process of such improvement or breeding
An educational institution or an educational institution (since 1992) in accordance with the Federal Law "On Education" is an institution that carries out the educational process, that is, implements one or more educational programs and (or) provides the maintenance and education of students, pupils. In this case, the educational institution must be a legal entity
Pedagogical theory is a system of knowledge that illuminates a certain area of phenomena in the science of education and training. The purpose of the discipline is not only teaching according to already existing standards, but also an individual approach to each student in accordance with his inclinations. Science of the new generation calls for attention to new pedagogical theories that can help solve the problems that schoolchildren have in childhood
The concept of family has remained the same for many years. After all, this is the primary cell of society and the place where a full-fledged personality grows out of a baby. The main function of the family is to prepare the child for life in society. At the same time, he must independently learn to overcome all difficulties and be prepared for any life realities, and they, as you know, can be quite severe
Analytical signal (analytical representation of a signal) - used in the theory of signal processing, mathematical representation of an analog signal as a complex-valued analytical function of time. The usual, real signal x is then the real part of the analytic representation. An analytical signal is a generalization of the concept of a complex amplitude for the case of signals other than harmonic
Phosphatidylcholines are a group of phospholipids containing choline. Also included in the group of lecithins. Phosphatidylcholines are one of the most abundant molecules in cell membranes. Lecithins, like simple fats, contain structural residues of glycerol and fatty acids, but they also include phosphoric acid and choline. Lecithins are widely present in cells of various tissues; they perform both metabolic and structural functions in membranes
Opposition (opposition) is the position of a celestial body in the solar system, in which the difference between its ecliptic longitudes and the Sun is 180°. Thus, this body is located approximately on the continuation of the line "Sun - Earth" and is visible from the second in approximately the opposite direction to the first. Opposition is possible only for the upper planets and other bodies located farther from the Sun than the Earth
In the history of science, Laplace's demon was the first published explanation of causality or scientific (Laplacian) determinism. The modern history of the scientific picture of the world began with him. This concept was introduced by Pierre-Simon de Laplace in 1814