Science 2024, November

The study of the relationship between energy and entropy is what technical thermodynamics studies. It encompasses a whole set of theories that relate macroscopic measurable properties (temperature, pressure, and volume) to energy and its ability to do work

Since thinking and speech are the privilege of man, the greatest interest is given to studying the relationship between them. This task is performed by rhetoric. The laws of rhetoric are the practice of the great masters. This is a clever analysis of the ways in which brilliant writers have succeeded. You can learn about the basic principles and how the law of general rhetoric is called in this article

Answering the question of what an asteroid is made of is one of the first tasks in the study of any such body, since the features of the composition shed light on the origin of the object, which is ultimately connected with the history of the entire solar system. From a practical point of view, the potential suitability of asteroid bodies from the point of view of using their resources in the future is of interest

Up to 100 million tons of ammonia are produced annually in the world: this substance is one of the most popular and widely used in industry. It is used for the manufacture of ammonia solutions, cleaning and dyeing of natural fabrics, the manufacture of nitric acid, as well as in synthetic fabrics, s alts of ammonia, urea and urotropine. It is an inexpensive coolant. Ammonia is harmful to the skin and mucous membranes, as it causes severe irritation

Copper is a ductile metal, easy to process, has electrical and thermal conductivity. To improve the performance properties, various alloying components are introduced into its composition. This article will focus on an alloy of copper and nickel, which increases its resistance to corrosion, increases strength and electrical resistance

Mummy is a very useful product that many people use in the treatment process. Despite this prevalence, the full spectrum of action of the drug is still unknown. Also, the process of the emergence of the mummy is not completely clear. There are many theories about this

Kinship and property are two concepts that have a fairly significant connection with each other. Despite this, each of them has its own definitions, factors of existence, consequences and causes of occurrence. They are united by the fact that they arise against the background of family, kinship relations, and also have their own significance for jurisprudence

Since school years, everyone knows that water is denser than air. Because of this, the change in pressure under water with immersion is faster than its change with increasing altitude. So, when descending 10 meters, there is an increase in pressure per atmosphere. In deep oceanic depressions, reaching 10 thousand meters, this figure is 1 thousand atmospheres. How to find out how pressure changes under water and how it affects living beings will be described below

The central dogma of molecular biology suggests that DNA contains the information to code for all of our proteins, and three different types of RNA translate this code into polypeptides rather passively. There are several types of non-coding RNA in eukaryotes. Most notably transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). As mentioned earlier, both tRNA and rRNA play an important role in the translation of mRNA into proteins

Discursive analysis is sometimes defined as the analysis of language "beyond the sentence". It is a broad term for the study of how language is used between people in written texts and in spoken contexts. "Studying the actual use of language by real speakers in real situations," wrote Théun A. van Dijk in A Guide to Discourse Analysis

The element yttrium was discovered at the end of the 18th century. However, only in the last few decades this soft silvery metal has found wide application in various fields: chemistry, physics, computer technology, energy, medicine and others

All children are different, and each of them develops at their own pace. At the same time, education in a mass school is oriented towards a certain average level, which is too high for weak children and clearly insufficient for stronger ones. This hinders the development of both strong children and weak ones. To take into account the individual characteristics of students, 2, 4, etc. are often singled out. level. However, there are exactly as many real levels in the class as there are children! Is it possible to accurately identify them?

Family plays an important role in everyone's life. Detailed information helps a person to better understand himself, as well as to be aware of family traditions or certain features, such as genetic diseases. What actions will answer the question of how to determine your nationality by appearance?

The success story of Valentin Pavlovich Gapontsev is almost unbelievable. He became an entrepreneur at the age of 51, and he built his business not on the sale of gas, oil or metals, but on the production of industrial lasers and the implementation of his own patents

At different stages of production, technologists study the characteristics of raw materials, blanks, parts and end products, which allows us to successfully improve the properties of materials and detect defects in a timely manner. In recent years, the tasks of such studies are increasingly entrusted to optical technology and, in particular, to the metallographic microscope, which is used to study opaque objects in reflected surfaces

Density is an important physical quantity for any aggregate state of matter. In this article, we will consider the question of what is the density of metals, we will give a table of the densities of chemical elements and talk about the densest metal on Earth

Ever since the time when Newton formulated his laws of gravity, it was not clear to him that if masses are attracted to each other on Earth, then why the Universe did not collapse under the influence of its own gravity. Stars and planets were supposed to attract each other and gradually approach each other, until, in the end, they merge

Subatomic particles are the elements that make up atoms. About what their properties are and how they were discovered - read the article

In 1897, the British physicist Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940) discovered the electron after a series of experiments aimed at studying the nature of an electric discharge in a vacuum. The famous scientist interpreted the deflections of the beams of electrically charged plates and magnets as evidence that electrons are much smaller than atoms

Andrew Stewart Tanenbaum is an American computer scientist. He is Emeritus Professor of Computer Science at the Free University of Amsterdam. Tanenbaum has done research on compilation and compilers, operating systems, networks, and locally distributed systems. He is internationally known for developing the Unix-like Minix system and as the author of several important works in various fields of computer science

The oscillation amplitude is an important topic in the section on oscillatory processes, because without understanding it at a sufficient level, further work with graphs and equations is impossible. About how the amplitude of oscillations is indicated and how it is located, in this article

The development of science and technology does not stand still: now a person is able to create things that were considered unfeasible just a century ago. Progress is especially noticeable in medicine and biology. Breakthroughs in bioengineering, growing organs in the laboratory will greatly change the future of humanity for the better

In the last task of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language, the student is required to read the text and find the existing problem. There are three of them in the task, sometimes more. Problems with their definition occur infrequently. However, this process should be considered in detail, since it is important not only to find some kind of problem and write an essay on it, but also to argue it correctly, based on the reader's and life experience

To understand what is a characteristic of a magnetic field, many phenomena should be defined. At the same time, you need to remember in advance how and why it appears. Find out what is the power characteristic of a magnetic field. It is also important that such a field can occur not only in magnets. In this regard, it does not hurt to mention the characteristics of the earth's magnetic field

Phenomena such as dielectric susceptibility and permittivity are found not only in physics, but also in everyday life. In this regard, it is necessary to determine the significance of these phenomena in science, their influence and application in everyday life

In the process of studying statics, which is one of the constituent sections of mechanics, the main role is given to axioms and basic concepts. There are only five basic axioms. Some of them are known from school physics lessons, because they are Newton's laws

One of the basic concepts used in physics is the magnetic field. It acts on moving electric charges. It is imperceptible and not felt by a person, but its presence can be detected using a magnet or iron. It is also quite easy to understand which magnetic field is called homogeneous and inhomogeneous

Many cosmetic products list Alcohol Denat as an ingredient. This name immediately alerts those who care about their he alth and select cosmetics wisely. Should we be afraid of this component, which causes associations with alcohol? What are the consequences of using in the composition of care and decorative cosmetics? All these questions have answers that will be provided immediately

A person's face attracts attention in the first place. The impression of the masculinity or femininity of the image is made up of gestures, facial expressions and facial features. Superciliary arches have a great influence on the perception of a person. With pronounced eyebrows, a person seems brutal, in their absence, the face becomes feminine

How do researchers investigate the human mind and behavior? Although there are a number of different research methods, natural science experiments allow researchers to look at cause and effect relationships. They identify and define key variables, formulate a hypothesis, manipulate variables, and collect outcome data

When you eat a candy or a pickled cucumber, you notice the difference, because the tongue has special bumps or papillae that contain taste buds that help you tell the difference between different foods. There are many receptor cells on each of the receptors that can recognize different tastes. Chemical compounds that taste sour, bitter or sweet can bind to these receptors, and a person feels the taste without even looking at what he eats

Have you ever heard someone read a poem terribly - stopping at the wrong places, saying the lines dryly and not adding any emotional overtones? The reason for this is the lack of prosody. This is a collection of elements used in reading aloud, such as raising or lowering the voice, expressiveness, and pausing when necessary

Genealogy has always been something of a detective story. You find information about your ancestors, do some research and find answers to your questions. Like any good detective, you take notes on what you find as you go along. And what you get is valuable not only for you, but also for future researchers. Genealogy is the science that studies family ties

What does physiology study? This science deals with the study of living organisms, animals or plants, as well as their constituent tissues or cells. Since the middle of the 19th century, this term has meant the use of experimental methods, as well as the techniques and concepts of the physical sciences, the study of the causes and mechanisms of the activity of all living things

There are various ways to collect and analyze data for crime and criminal justice research. The methodology of criminological research includes certain methods, techniques, means of collecting, processing, analyzing and evaluating information about crime. The causes of this social phenomenon, as well as the personality of the offender, are being studied. To combat crime, a number of methods of criminological forecasting are used

What is sensory language? It is a combination of five senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell). Organoleptic evaluation of products is based on the use of sensory organs. For products, in particular, a combination of taste, texture, astringency and aroma is used. Sensory evaluation is an invaluable tool for quality control and research and development. There is a whole science of using sensory methods - this is organoleptic

Have you ever stopped to consider all the little pieces that make up the culture you live in? Of course, there are many traditions and institutions, such as public schools, but what about the beliefs you share with those around you, such as friends and family? What is a paradigm? It is, in simple words, a set of concepts and beliefs that make up the worldview

Raptor is a dinosaur that truly is the king of predators. The largest of them is considered to be the Utahraptor from the genus of theropods, which included the largest known representatives of the dromaeosaurid family. According to some estimates, the growth of the predator reached 7 meters in length, and the weight was no more than 500 kilograms

Ballistics is the science of movement, flight and the effects of projectiles. It is divided into several disciplines. Internal and external ballistics deal with the movement and flight of projectiles. The transition between these two modes is called intermediate ballistics. Terminal ballistics refers to the impact of projectiles, a separate category covers the degree of damage to the target

Doctor of Science is the highest scientific degree in Russia, symbolizing the huge contribution of a person to the development of a particular field of knowledge. To obtain this degree, it is necessary to defend a doctoral dissertation, which is the result of scientific research and conclusions of the author. There are certain requirements that should be relied upon in the process of writing and defending a dissertation