Science is the area of research activity, which is aimed at the development and practical use of information about society, nature, consciousness. Consider the concept of a method, thanks to which it is possible to select certain methods and algorithms of actions for conducting scientific research.
History Pages
The basic concepts of the research method were analyzed by M. M. Bakhtin. The Russian philosopher stressed the need for scientific knowledge.
He said that science is characterized by ideological, value, worldview meaning. Therefore, it is important to choose methods that will help solve serious issues related to scientific knowledge.
Cognition options
What are the scientific methods? The concept of "types of methods" is associated with the selection of certain technologies, thanks to which it is possible to achieve the goal, carrying out orderly activities.
The concept of a method in science involves the development of a system of rules and techniques of thinking, practical actions through which you can gain new knowledge.
Feature of scientific methods
The concept of the scientific method is associated with techniques based on knowledge of the subjectresearch. Each method has a dual nature.
It is based on the laws of science, allows the researcher to solve the problem.
Classification of scientific methods
Currently, there are general, particular, universal methods of scientific knowledge. Private apply in one or more sciences that have a common subject of study. For example, researchers in physics and psychology use similar methods.
General scientific methods are suitable for any branch of knowledge. Philosophical ones are formed as a result of the development of science, they are included in a special philosophical system.
Empirical knowledge
Considering the concept of method in science, we note that the theoretical and empirical methods of organizing scientific knowledge are distinguished. Empirical knowledge can be viewed as the sum of scientific facts that form the basis of theoretical knowledge. Researchers get them by using two common options: experiment and observation. Let us consider the concept of the method of empirical knowledge in more detail. Observation is a deliberate, special perception of the analyzed object. Among its distinctive characteristics, we note the following features:
- setting the research goal;
- search for ways to observe;
- drawing up a work plan;
- monitoring the object under study;
- use of various devices to achieve the goal.
Based on the results of the observation, the initialinformation about the object in the form of scientific facts.
What is an experiment? Consider the concept of the method, the features of its implementation. Under the experiment is meant the method of scientific research, which involves the reproduction or change of the analyzed object under certain conditions. In the process of work, the researcher has the opportunity to change the conditions of its conduct.
If necessary, the study may be terminated at any stage. For example, you can put the object under study in various connections with other objects, create conditions in which you can see properties and characteristics of a familiar phenomenon unknown in the scientific field.
The main concept of the method is that with its help it is possible to artificially reproduce the analyzed phenomenon, in practice to check the accuracy and reliability of empirical or theoretical knowledge. It requires special technical devices.
Devices are devices that have certain characteristics that allow obtaining information about properties and phenomena that are not perceptible by the human senses.
With their help, scientists conduct special measurements, reveal new characteristics of the objects under study. Considering the concept of principle, research method, M. Born noted that observation and measurement are associated with a violation of the natural course of the process. When determining new conditions for the analyzed object, a person really intervenes in its nature, but without such actions it will be difficult to explore the object from different angles, to identify its distinctive features.features, main characteristics.
Varieties of experiment
Given the goal set for the expert, it was decided to subdivide the experiments into a research and verification experiment. The first option involves the search for a new one, and the second is carried out to confirm the hypothesis posed in the work. What characterizes this method? Definition, research concepts relate to the discovery and demonstration of new properties, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the object under study, which are associated with a change in its basic properties.
Depending on what was chosen as the object of study, there is a social and natural experiment.
The following types of research can be considered according to the method of conducting it:
- immediate;
- model;
- artificial;
- natural;
- real;
- mental.
Scientific experiment involves research, the results of which are the main characteristics of the object. In a production study, a field or production examination of certain characteristics of the object in question is assumed.
Mathematical or physical modeling allows you to create previously unknown models of neurons, spacecraft, aircraft, cars.
Comparison
When analyzing the concept of a research method, it is necessary to single out a comparison. It is this method of cognition that scientists considerthe most important component of empirical methods, allowing to find similarities and differences between the properties of the analyzed object.
Measurement can be considered as a special case of comparison. In the course of it, a value is determined that characterizes the degree of development of the properties of the analyzed object. It is carried out by comparison with another value, which is taken as a unit of calculation. Only when using measurement can we talk about the effectiveness of the experiment and observations.
Science Facts
They are considered a form of existence of empirical knowledge. This concept has a certain semantic meaning. First of all, we are talking about the real phenomenon. The facts of life may differ from those obtained through laboratory research and measurements.
Those facts that are established in the process of experimental study of certain objects may differ significantly from the originally posed hypothesis. It is thanks to the unity of theory and practice that a complete picture of the object under study is created.
Facts have a rather complicated structure. They include information about the existing reality, the method of obtaining, interpreting the results. Its main side is the provision of information about reality, which involves the creation of a visual image, as well as its parameters. With the help of facts, new phenomena are discovered, modifications are made to the existing idea of a particular subject or object.
In addition, forconducting a full-fledged scientific research, it is important to qualitatively process the results obtained during the experiment. This process is considered the theoretical and methodological basis for the formation of a theoretical conclusion about the object under study.
In addition to the material and technical side, the facts also assume a methodological basis. For example, in the case of an election campaign, candidates use the results of various sociological studies. Based on them, they evaluate their own chances for a successful completion of the elections. Often there are situations in which there is a contradiction between the results. It can be explained by the fact that various methods were used to conduct the study.
Conclusion
The history of science has evolved over many centuries. During this time, significant changes have taken place. But those methods that are necessary for a full-fledged study of the object have not changed much. Graphs, charts, charts, widely used in modern research, are created precisely on the basis of various scientific methods.
Scientific discoveries made in the past are now being tested on modern equipment. With the formation of scientific knowledge, the improvement of technologies, their truth, expediency, and the need for implementation in practice are determined. When generalizing individual facts obtained through observations and experiments, a single idea of an object is formed. The invariance of various scientific methods consists inthat, regardless of the research algorithms used, the result should be the same.
When considering the same natural phenomenon or a certain object using induction and deduction, which are also scientific methods, one can obtain reliable information about it.
