Probably everyone wants to give their child a quality education. But how to determine the level of education, if you have nothing to do with pedagogy? Of course, with the help of GEF.
What is GEF
For each education system and educational institution, a list of mandatory requirements has been approved, aimed at determining each level of training in a profession, speci alty. These requirements are combined within the framework of the federal state educational standard (FSES), which is approved by the authorities authorized to regulate policy in the field of education.
The implementation and results of mastering programs in state educational institutions cannot be lower than those specified in the GEF.
In addition, Russian education suggests that without mastering the standards it will be impossible to obtain a state document. GEF is a kind of basis, thanks to which the student has the opportunity to move from one level of education to another, like climbing a ladder.
Goals
Federal state educational standards are designed to ensure the integrity of the educational space in Russia;continuity of the main programs of preschool, primary, secondary, vocational and higher education.
In addition, the GEF is responsible for aspects of spiritual and moral development and education.
The requirements of the educational standard include strict deadlines for obtaining general education and vocational education, taking into account all kinds of forms of education and educational technologies.
The basis for the development of indicative educational programs; programs of subjects, courses, literature, control materials; standards for the financial supply of educational activities of specialized institutions implementing an educational program is the Federal State Educational Standard.
What is the standard for public education? First of all, these are the principles of organizing the educational process in institutions (kindergartens, schools, colleges, universities, etc.). Without the Federal State Educational Standard, it is impossible to monitor compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in the educational field, as well as to conduct final and intermediate certification of students.
It is worth noting that one of the goals of the Federal State Educational Standard is internal monitoring of the quality of education. With the help of standards, the activities of methodological specialists are organized, as well as the certification of teachers and other personnel of educational institutions.
Training, retraining and advanced training of educational workers are also in the sphere of influence of state standards.
Structure and implementation
Feder althe law decided that each standard must necessarily include three types of requirements.
Firstly, the requirements for the structure of educational programs (the ratio of parts of the main program and their volume, the ratio of the mandatory part and the share that is formed by the participants in the educational process).
Secondly, the implementation conditions are also subject to stringent requirements (including personnel, financial, technical).
Third, the result. The entire educational program should form certain (including professional) competencies in students. The lesson on GEF is designed to teach how to apply all the skills and knowledge gained, and act successfully on their basis.
Of course, this standard is not the constitution of all educational institutions. This is just the beginning of the vertical, with the main recommendation positions. At the federal level, on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard, an approximate educational program is being developed, focusing on local specifics. And then educational institutions bring this program to perfection (even interested parents can participate in the last process, which is regulated by law). Thus, from a methodological point of view, Russian education can be represented as a diagram:
Standard - an exemplary program of the federal level - the program of an educational institution.
The last paragraph includes aspects such as:
- syllabus;
- calendar chart;
- work programs;
- evaluation materials;
- guidelines for subjects.
Generations and GEF differences
What is the state standard, they knew back in Soviet times, since strict regulations existed even then. But this particular document appeared and entered into force only in the 2000s.
GEF was previously called simply the educational standard. The so-called first generation came into force in 2004. The second generation was developed in 2009 (for primary education), in 2010 (for basic education), in 2012 (for secondary education).
For higher education GOSTs were developed in 2000. The second generation, which entered into force in 2005, was focused on obtaining ZUMs by students. Since 2009, new standards have been developed aimed at developing general cultural and professional competencies.
Until 2000, for each speci alty, a minimum of knowledge and skills was determined that a person who graduated from a university should have. These requirements were later tightened.
Modernization of public education continues to this day. In 2013, the law "On Education" was issued, according to which new programs for higher professional and preschool education are being developed. Among other things, the item on the preparation of scientific and pedagogical staff has firmly entered there.
What is the difference between the old standards and GEF? What are the next generation standards?
The main distinguishing feature is that in modern education, the development of the personality of students is put at the forefront(students). Generalizing concepts (Skills, skills, knowledge) disappeared from the text of the document, more precise requirements came in their place, for example, real types of activities that each student should master were formulated. Great attention is paid to subject, interdisciplinary and personal results.
To achieve these goals, the previously existing forms and types of education were revised, an innovative educational space for classes (lesson, course) was put into action.
Thanks to the changes introduced, the student of the new generation is a free-thinking person who is able to set tasks, solve important problems, is creatively developed and is able to adequately relate to reality.
Who does standards development
Standards are replaced by new ones at least once every ten years.
GEFs of general education are developed by levels of education, GEFs of vocational education can also be developed by speci alties, professions and areas of training.
Development of the Federal State Educational Standard takes into account:
- acute and promising needs of the individual;
- development of the state and society;
- education;
- culture;
- science;
- technicians;
- economics and social sphere.
Educational and Methodological Association of Universities is developing GEF for higher education. Their draft is sent to the Ministry of Education, where it is discussed, corrected and corrected, and then given to an independentexamination for a period not exceeding two weeks.
Expert opinion is returned to the Ministry. And again, a wave of discussions is launched by the GEF Council, which decides whether to approve the project, send it back for revision or reject it.
If changes need to be made to the document, it follows the same path from the beginning.
Primary education
GEF is a set of requirements necessary for the implementation of primary education. The three main ones are results, structure and implementation conditions. All of them are due to age and individual characteristics, and are considered from the point of view of laying the foundation for all education.
The first part of the standard indicates the period for mastering the basic initial program. It is four years old.
It provides:
- equal educational opportunities for all;
- spiritual and moral education of schoolchildren;
- continuity of all programs of preschool and school education;
- preservation, development and mastery of the culture of a multinational country;
- democratization of education;
- formation of criteria for evaluating the activities of students and teachers4
- conditions for the development of an individual personality and the creation of special learning conditions (for gifted children, children with disabilities).
The training program is based on a system-activity approach. But the primary education program itself is developed by the methodological council of the educationalestablishments.
The second part of the Federal State Educational Standard sets out clear requirements for the result of the educational process. Including personal, meta-subject and subject learning outcomes.
Recommendations are given for learning outcomes in specific subjects. For example, the Federal State Educational Standard for the Russian language (native language) puts forward the following requirements:
- Formation of ideas about the diversity of the country's language space.
- Understanding that language is an integral part of national culture.
- Formation of a positive attitude towards correct speech (and writing) as part of a common culture.
- Mastering the primary norms of the language.
The third part defines the structure of primary education (curriculum, extracurricular activities, programs of individual subjects, which includes thematic planning for GEF).
The fourth part contains requirements for the conditions for the implementation of the educational process (personnel, finance, logistics).
Secondary (complete) education
The first part of the standard on requirements is partially repeated and echoes the GEF on primary education. Significant differences appear in the second section, which deals with learning outcomes. The necessary norms for mastering certain subjects are also indicated, including in the Russian language, literature, a foreign language, history, social science, geography and others.
The emphasis is on the personal development of students, highlighting key points such as:
- education of patriotism, assimilation of the values of a multinationalcountry;
- shaping a worldview corresponding to the level of reality;
- mastering the norms of social life;
- development of aesthetic understanding of the world and so on.
Requirements for the structure of educational activities have also been modified. But the sections remained the same: target, content and organizational.
Higher steps
FSES for secondary vocational and higher education is built on the same principles. Their differences are obvious, the requirements for the structure, result and implementation conditions cannot be the same for different educational levels.
The basis of secondary vocational education is a competency-based approach, i.e. people are given not just knowledge, but the ability to manage this knowledge. At the exit from the educational institution, the graduate should not say "I know what", but "I know how".
Based on the generally accepted GEF, each educational institution develops its own program, focusing on the profile of the college or university, the availability of certain material and technical capabilities, etc.
Methodological Council takes into account all the recommendations of the Ministry of Education and acts strictly under its guidance. However, the adoption of the programs of specific educational institutions is under the jurisdiction of local authorities and the education department of the region (republic, territory).
Educational institutions should take into account and implement recommendations regarding educational materials (for example, GEF textbooks have taken their rightful place inlibraries), thematic planning, etc.
Criticism
On the way to the approval of the Federal State Educational Standard, it went through many changes, but even in its current form, the education reform receives a huge amount of criticism, and received even more.
In fact, in the minds of the developers of the standard, it was supposed to lead to the unity of all Russian education. And it turned out the opposite. Someone found pluses in this document, someone minuses. Many teachers, accustomed to traditional teaching, had a hard time transitioning to the new standards. The GEF textbooks raised questions. However, there are positives to be found in everything. Modern society does not stand still, education must change and is changing depending on its needs.
One of the main complaints against the Federal State Educational Standard was its lengthy wording, the lack of clear tasks and real requirements that would be imposed on students. There were whole opposing groups. According to the Federal State Educational Standard, everyone was required to study, but no one gave explanations on how to do this. And teachers and methodological specialists had to cope with this on the ground, including everything necessary in the program of their educational institution.
Topics on the Federal State Educational Standards have been raised and will continue to be raised, since the old foundations, in which knowledge was the main thing in education, have become very firmly established in everyone's life. The new standards, which are dominated by professional and social competencies, will find their opponents for a long time to come.
Result
The development of the Federal State Educational Standard turned out to be inevitable. Like everything new, thisThe standard has caused a lot of controversy. However, the reform took place. To understand whether it is successful or not, at least, it is necessary to wait for the first graduation of students. Intermediate results are not very informative in this regard.
At the moment, only one thing is certain - the work of teachers has increased.
