Federal state educational standards are a set of certain pedagogical norms. They are mandatory for educational institutions. Next, we will analyze in more detail why the Federal State Educational Standards are needed.
General information
The requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard apply to almost all teaching activities in Russia. Until 2009, a slightly different name was applied to these norms. The word "federal" was missing from it. State educational standards apply to educational institutions that have state accreditation. Until 2000, educational institutions had to comply with the minimum content of the level of training of graduates for each level and specialization.
Historical background
1 Federal state educational standards were adopted in 1992. This happened together with the publication of the relevant Law. Article 7 was fully devoted to GEF. The federal state educational standard in its original version was adopted by the Supreme Council. In connection with the adoption of the Constitution in 1993, this Regulation was repealed. The right to introduce the Federal State Educational Standard passed to the executive bodies. The Government of the Russian Federation determined the procedure in accordance with which these standards were to be adopted. It should be noted here that the Supreme Council during the entire period of having the right to adopt standards did not approve them. According to Eduard Dneprov, the draft amendments to the Law essentially threw him back - towards unitarism in pedagogy. They excluded such a thing as "national-regional component". This trend can be seen in the core curriculum approved in 1993. By 1996, the standardization of education had noticeably increased. This caused some resistance from the pedagogical community. The resentment of the teaching staff was expressed at that time in the form of strikes and protests.
First editions
In 1992, as mentioned above, a draft law was developed. The federal component of the state educational standard, in accordance with it, included five elements:
- The volume of classroom load (maximum allowable).
- Requirements for the basic content of basic educational programs.
- Having pedagogical goals at every stage of learning.
- Requirements for the level of preparation of children graduating from different school levels.
- Norms for the conditions of the learning process.
Under the influence of adherents of the subject-methodological approach, this edition was deformed by deputies from the trade union committee from the Supreme Council. As a result, the Federal component of the state educational standard was reduced to a 3-part form:
- Mandatory minimum for the content of the main curricula used.
- Maximum allowable workload for students.
- Requirements for the level of preparation of a graduate (in this case, we also meant graduating from primary school).
As a result, from Art. 7 the following points were excluded:
- Target component.
- The core content requirements of the core curriculum used have been replaced by a "mandatory minimum" - a standard list of subject topics.
- The concept of the limit of the permissible load, which, in fact, is not equal to the maximum.
- Requirements for the conditions of the educational process itself.
VO standards
The Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education is mandatory for use by almost all Russian universities. These include those that have received state accreditation. According to the Federal Law "On Lomonosov Moscow State University and St. Petersburg State University" and the Federal Law "On Education", Moscow and St. Petersburg Universities, as well as universities withcategory "federal" or "national research" and other educational institutions, the list of which is approved by the Decree of the President, have the right to develop and adopt educational standards independently at all levels of higher education. At the same time, the established standards cannot be lower than the existing ones.
Goals
Federal state educational standards are designed to provide:
- Unity of the pedagogical space of the Russian Federation.
- Continuity of the main curricula at all levels of education.
- Spiritual and moral education and development.
The federal state educational standard establishes the periods of general and vocational education, taking into account their various forms, pedagogical methods and technologies, as well as the characteristics of certain categories of students.
Tasks
Based on the standards contained in the Federal State Educational Standard, it is provided:
- Organization of the educational process in institutions that implement the basic plan in accordance with the regulations, regardless of their subordination and legal form.
- Planning pre-core tutorials.
- Development of educational subjects, literature, courses, and test material.
- Planning standards for the financial support of educational activities of educational institutions. to them, toIn particular, these include those that implement the Federal State Educational Standards.
- Monitoring and supervising compliance with the Provisions of the Law.
- Intermediate and final assessments.
- Building a system for internal monitoring of the quality of education in an educational institution.
- Organization of activities of methodological groups.
- Certification of teaching staff and employees of the administrative and management system of municipal and state educational institutions.
- Organization of vocational training and retraining, as well as advanced training of specialists.
Structure
In accordance with the Federal Law of December 1, 2007, each standard includes three types of requirements:
- On the results of mastering the basic training course.
- To the conditions under which the implementation of the main curricula takes place, including financial, personnel, material and technical and others.
- Toward the structure of basic curricula.
As a result, HE should form the student's professional and general cultural competencies.
Application of standards in the educational process
The implementation of each Federal Standard by an educational institution should be carried out according to the main educational program (BEP). It includes a calendar schedule, curriculum, work schemes for subjects, disciplines, courses and other elements, as well as methodological and evaluation materials.
Chronology
The 2004 Federal State Educational Standard was the first generation standard for the general level of education. Subsequently, for each level of the educational process, their own standards were approved. So, for primary education (from grades 1 to 4) they were adopted in 2009, for basic education (grades 5-9) - in 2010. The federal state educational standard of the middle level (grades 10-11) was approved in 2012. The standards for the first generation of professional education were adopted in 2000. The 2nd generation standards were focused on obtaining skills, abilities and knowledge by students. They have been approved since 2005. Third generation standards have been adopted since 2009. In accordance with them, higher education for students, as mentioned above, should develop professional and general cultural skills.
Vocational training standards
Until 2000, the state uniform standard of professional higher education was used. It was adopted by the Government Decree of 1994. This standard determined:
- The structure of professional higher education and the composition of documents about it.
- General standards for student workload and its volume.
- Basic rules for compiling a list of speci alties (directions).
- Requirements for basic educational programs of professional higher education, as well as the conditions for their application.
- The procedure for planning and approving standards for the level and minimum content of graduate training in accordance with specificspeci alties (directions).
- Rules for monitoring compliance with the requirements of the state standard for professional higher education.
For each speci alty (field of study), state requirements were adopted regarding the minimum content and level of training of students.
Next Generation Regulations
Since 2013, in accordance with the Law regulating pedagogical activity in the Russian Federation, adopted in 2012, standards corresponding to the present time must be approved. This provision applies to higher education curricula. In particular, this especially applies to the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel. In addition, the Federal State Educational Standard for Preschool Education is provided.
Development of regulations
It can be carried out in accordance with levels, professions, steps, areas of training, speci alties. The standards of pedagogical activity can be replaced by new ones at least once every ten years. Federal educational standards for the general level are developed in accordance with the levels of the educational process, for the professional level - according to speci alties (directions). When forming the latter, the relevant provisions are taken into account. The development of federal educational standards is carried out taking into account the promising and relevant interests of society, the individual and the country as a whole, its defense and security. At the same time, it takes into accountthe need for the development of science, culture, technology and technology, the social sphere and the economy. The development of the Federal State Educational Standard is carried out in the manner prescribed by the relevant legislation of the Russian Federation. In particular, the work is carried out in accordance with the Regulations governing the performance of work and the provision of services for municipal or state needs. Standards for professional higher education are developed by educational and methodological associations of universities in specific areas (speci alties). Compiled projects are sent to the Ministry of Science and Education of the Russian Federation. It places them on the official website on the Internet for further discussion. It is attended by representatives of interested executive bodies, scientific and pedagogical communities, state and public groups operating in the educational system and other associations. Further, the projects are independently evaluated.
Expertise
An independent assessment of draft regulations is carried out within 14 days from the date of receipt. Examination in progress:
- Institutions for public participation in the management of education, executive bodies in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. They evaluate draft standards for the general link.
- Associations of employers and organizations that operate in the relevant economic sectors. These structures evaluate projects according to standards for higher, secondary and primary vocational education.
- The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and other executive bodies in which the Law provides for military service. They carry outexamination of standards for complete general, secondary vocational education in the field that concerns the preparation of citizens for being in the army.
In accordance with the results of an independent evaluation, a conclusion is drawn up. It is sent back to the Ministry of Science and Education. The expert opinion is signed by the head of the body or institution that conducted the assessment, or by a person authorized to do so. All drafts, comments, as well as the results of the analysis are discussed by the Council of the Ministry. He decides to recommend them either for approval or for revision. Projects and other materials may be rejected. After that, the Ministry of Science and Education makes its own decision regarding this or that standard. Any changes are made in the same order as, in fact, the adoption of the standards itself.
In conclusion
The new Federal State Educational Standard of 2014 came into force on January 1. The procedure for adopting standards as a whole is regulated by the Rules for their development and approval. They, in turn, are adopted at the level of the Government of the Russian Federation. New standards apply today to preschool education. They are based on several main principles. So, the Federal State Educational Standard of 2014 is aimed at:
- Supporting the diversity, value and uniqueness of childhood as one of the most important stages in human development.
- Humanistic,the personality-developing nature of the relationship between an adult (a parent or legal representative, a teacher or an employee of another institution) and a child.
- Implementation of the state program in forms suitable for children of each specific age category, primarily in the form of games, research and cognitive activities, creative activity, etc., providing artistic and aesthetic development.
- Building respect for the child.
The objectives of this Federal Standard are:
- Raising the social status of preschool education and upbringing.
- Ensure equality of opportunity for all children in quality education.
- Preserving the unity of the pedagogical space of the Russian Federation in this area.
- Providing state guarantees for the quality and level of preschool education based on the integrity of the mandatory regulatory requirements for the conditions for the implementation of curricula, their structure, as well as the results of their development.
The new Federal regulation is aimed at solving the following problems:
- Strengthening and protecting the mental and physical he alth of the child, his emotional well-being.
- Ensuring the same opportunities for adequate development in the preschool period, regardless of gender, place of residence, language, nation, social. status, psycho-physiological and other characteristics (the presence of limited opportunitieshe alth including).
- Combining education and training into a single process, the course of which is carried out on the basis of sociocultural, moral and spiritual values, accepted rules and norms of behavior in society.
- Creation of a favorable environment for the development of the child in accordance with his individual and age inclinations and abilities.
- Providing psychological pedagogical support for the family, as well as raising awareness of parents or legal representatives in the field of he alth promotion, protection, education of children.
