The main type of language modality is desirability, which shows the attitude to the described reality. Therefore, all grammatical means are involved precisely in its expression to a particular event in the Russian language. All particles, conjunctions and allied combinations, even word order itself, have their own roles in the formation of desirability. To express this meaning, various infinitive constructions are used, which are also grammatical means. All ten parts of speech - interjections, particles, conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs, verbs, pronouns, numerals, adjectives and nouns - form the meaning of desirability in the native language.
Parts of speech
Adverb, verb, numeral, adjective, noun - significant parts of speech, with their own lexical meaning. This grammatical class has special categories and plays an important role in the sentence as main or secondary members. When constructing a sentence, they are the main grammatical means. The pronoun is also a significant part of speech, but it is a separate lexicaldoes not matter, and grammatical categories also depend on the category of the pronoun, repeating the categories of numerals, adverbs, adjectives or nouns.
Particles, conjunctions and prepositions have auxiliary functions, indicating the relationship between sentences or words. Their peculiarity is that with the help of service parts of speech, a statement can be given a variety of modal and semantic shades. This means that as grammatical means they are very important. And only the interjection does not apply to either official or significant parts of speech, but they also have their own role in the formation of an utterance.
Is sentence construction free?
Many people are absolutely sure that any word order in a Russian sentence is allowed. But, if freedom really existed here, there would be no errors of choice. Even such a stylistic device as inversion would not have appeared. Naturally, our language is flexible, since the word order in a sentence has not only grammatical meaning, but also semantic one. Here one can recall how funny Pushkin's famous poem is retold in prose: "I loved you, perhaps love has not completely died out in my soul …". The high mood, the deep meanings embedded by the author in these lines immediately disappear.
The grammatical means of the language in each specific case show the very nature of the appearance of certain words in a sentence, since the meaning depends on this, regulated by the chosen order of use and arrangement of lexemes. Also, the meaning depends on the previous sentence, and on the next one. Phrases are used that can be organized in one of the necessary ways: coordination (evening dawn), or management (read a book), or adjunction (sadly smiled). And these grammatical means in the text are always predetermined by the very grammatical nature of the words entering into one or another phrase.
Vowel alternation
One of the varieties of grammatical alternation of sounds in different members of the model of a particular word indicates the variability of grammatical meanings. Internal inflection changes the vowel inside the root stem. For the first time this process was discovered by linguists in Indo-European languages, especially in Germanic.
The most ancient form is in strong German verbs and non-standard English verbs. To designate such an alternation of vowels in verbal and verbal formations, the term "ablaut" is used. And if the vowels change in the root stem of the noun, this is an umlaut. For example, German verbs are singen-sang-gesangen and English verbs are sing-sang-sung. It should be noted that in English such alternation is much less common.
In Russian, internal inflection also changes the sound composition of the root, which causes different meanings of this word: send - send, remove - remove (perfect and imperfect forms of the verb) or, for example, carried - who, when from the alternation of vowels lexical classes change - the verb becomes a noun. More examples: recruit - recruit, die - die,lock up - lock up and the like.
Connected text
Constructions in the text are connected not only into a single semantic whole, but also by separate chains. And for this, certain grammatical means of connecting sentences are used. Sometimes several of these tools are needed in a build.
It can be a lexical repetition: "It is difficult to be a defender of universal truth, and even more difficult to be a loser in this, when the burden placed on oneself can neither be carried nor abandoned." Or "All Chekhov's stories are a constant stumbling, but there is a person who stumbles who looks at the stars."
Derivation
Derivational and grammatical means of constructing text are used even more often. For example, words with the same root: "The forests have become defoxed. The forests have become defoxed." (V. Khlebnikov.)
Helps in word formation and the use of pronouns - possessive, demonstrative, personal. For example: "How beautiful nature is in spring! Without it, it is impossible to imagine the joy of existence." The personal pronoun is used here. Or: "Finally, we saw the mark. The same one that was left here last summer." Here the pronoun is demonstrative.
Particles and pronominal adverbs are also used - exactly, there, then others.
Other means of communication
Especially often the writer uses synonyms to link sentences together in the text. For example: "The girl, shuddering, onfroze for a moment, and then abruptly picked up, feeling a dizzying heart falling somewhere down, burst into uncontrollable tears of inspired shock and ran headlong towards fate."
Even more often, writers use words in which the meaning refers to part of the whole. For example: "He was always drawn to Siberia. It doesn't matter where: the colorful, crowded Altai or the desert north of Putorana, the main thing is pure snow, dazzling sun, pure water and such delicious air that you can get enough of."
Unions and particles
Both conjunctions, most often coordinative ones, and particles are used. For example: "My heart ached: we are leaving very, very far and for a long time from our native places. But this is exactly what we all agreed on on the shore." Here the connection occurs due to the coordinative union "but", the demonstrative pronoun "about this", and the word "precisely" also plays its role.
And further: Soon we will see those who remained in the distance we left behind? It uses pronouns, particles and an antonym.
Connections: parallel and chain
If a chain link is used, the keyword is repeated or replaced by a synonymous phrase. For example: "When we turn our thoughts to one of the great artists, the same thing always happens. It is worth remembering Blok, as Petersburg rises before our eyes. This huge gloomy city with gray ghostshouses. It is gradually filled with a special light, and we find ourselves in the world that Alexander Blok created."
If the connection of sentences is not linked by synonyms, but is represented by a comparison, this is a parallel type of connection. It is most often enhanced by the use of introductory words - finally, firstly, and the like. Adverbs of time and place are also used here - then, first, ahead, to the left and others, as well as subordinate clauses and adverbial phrases. Parallel connections are mostly represented by the main sentence, which, with the help of subsequent ones, is clarified in meaning and developed, concretized.
Speech errors
In addition to the fact that people very often do not control the order of words used in their statements, they also make mistakes in pronunciation. The Russian language is extremely rich and allows huge freedoms in word formation. However, there are also many rules in it that impose a taboo on one or another pronunciation. A well-educated person always knows how to stress this or that word. For example, when applying for a job, you need to prepare a variety of documents and sign an agreement. The latter cannot be pronounced as a contract. Only a contract, and if the phrase "according to (what?) the contract" occurs, and in no case "according to the contract".
There are quite a large number of such examples, and they need to be memorized elementarily. For example: pamper a child, buy cottage cheese, green sorrel, interest on a loan. And you can never speak"spoil, cottage cheese, sorrel, percentage", which still happens from time to time. A river, for example, flows, but does not flow. And this is not ignorance of the rules of stress, but simple illiteracy, insufficient erudition. The same thing happens with the river Lethe, which flows in the kingdom of Hades. To sink into oblivion - there is such an expression in high style. And it has nothing to do with the time of year. But today we will talk about a higher degree of literacy and about another kind of stress - logical.
The role of parts of speech in sentence connection
As we have already found out, the word order in Russian is not completely free, despite the fact that inversions are used - permutations of words. The laws of the construction of the Russian language should work here, and all restrictions are just related to the structural dependence of the components on each other, with their semantic significance. Division by structural elements is syntactic. However, the actual is also considered - the source is revealed, what was known before the statement, that is, the topic. And then a new one is added - the core, the rheme. Which is the communicative center of each sentence and therefore stands out with logical stress.
Usually a sentence is built according to the following scheme: first - the topic, then - the rheme. This is a direct word order, which depends on the actual division of the sentence and has its own communicative stylistic functions. Word order can be direct; it is used in journalism and in scientific literature. But the reverse word order is typical for fiction. The place of the subject and predicate in a sentence can be different. In a story, the subject comes first. And inversion always transfers logical stress and emphasizes this passage of text. The definition is most often placed before the noun. Separating a definition from a noun is perhaps the most powerful means of transferring stress in literary speech.
