Project activity in the preschool educational institution is a unique way to ensure co-creation, cooperation between adults and kids. It allows you to implement a student-centered approach to upbringing and education.
Project activities in preschool educational institutions contribute to the development of creative abilities of preschoolers, turns them into active participants in all events taking place in kindergarten.
Significance
Project activity in the preschool educational institution according to the Federal State Educational Standard is a mandatory tool for the work of educators.
At the moment, this method is considered as a cycle of innovation. It is a promising pedagogical technology.
Project activity in a preschool educational institution has a certain structure, features, and performs several functions. Note that this method does not replace the educational and upbringing program used for preschool children, but complements it.
Functions
Project activity in a preschool educational institution is an activity for thinking through and organizing the pedagogical process within the framework of a specific topic that has a socially significant result. This pedagogical technology contributes to the development of the environment by the preschooler.
Technologies of project activities in preschool educational institutions are designed to develop a creative free personality, adapted to social conditions.
Method concept
Currently, it is considered the most striking, developing, meaningful method. This is due to the fact that design and research activities in the preschool educational institution are a universal toolkit that allows you to guarantee consistency, focus, and effectiveness.
The project method is the sum of cognitive and learning techniques that allow preschoolers to solve a certain problem in the course of independent actions.
Children's project activities in preschool educational institutions involve the presentation of the results obtained, that is, it contributes to the development of public defense skills in the younger generation.
Such training can be viewed as a way of organizing the pedagogical process, based on interaction with the environment, gradual practical work to achieve the intended goal.
Basic technology
The organization of project activities in preschool educational institutions is connected with the idea of focusing the cognitive work of preschoolers on the result achieved in the course of cooperation with the teacher and parents. Working on a specificproblem involves the application of the necessary skills and knowledge in certain educational areas, which is an excellent incentive for self-development, self-improvement.
The pedagogical process in the preschool educational institution is organized taking into account the age characteristics of the kids, their cognitive activity.
The educational program, the factors of the educational process that contribute to the achievement of the goals set are considered as an object of design.
The purpose of project activities in preschool educational institutions is to build individual educational and educational trajectories for each preschooler.
It is difficult for a child at this age to independently identify contradictions, formulate a problem, set a goal. That is why children's creativity is accompanied by the support of the educator, parents. Moms and dads help kids not only with the search for information, but they themselves can be included in the educational process.
Such cooperation helps to establish an atmosphere of trust between adults and children, the involvement of mothers and fathers in the success of their baby.
Since the game is the leading activity in preschool age, a variety of game and creative projects are planned and implemented in preschool educational institutions.
Goal and objectives
Younger and older preschool age involves solving two types of design problems:
- socio-pedagogical;
- psychological.
The second design option is associated with educational processes within a specificage interval: mastering the methods of activity, the formation of skills, as well as the socialization and maturation of preschoolers.
To solve such problems, the project method is used, which is the basis for successful education, upbringing, and development of preschool children.
The main purpose of the project methodology in the preschool educational institution is the development of a creative, liberated personality of the child, capable of successful adaptation in society.
General Developmental Tasks for Preschoolers
Depending on age, allocate:
- ensuring the mental he alth and well-being of babies;
- formation of cognitive abilities;
- development of creative imagination;
- improving communication skills.
The main tasks that the teacher sets when working with children of primary preschool age:
- Introducing kids into a game problem situation, where the leading role belongs to the teacher.
- Experiments for children - a way to develop the prerequisites for search activities.
- Formation of search skills that contribute to solving a problem situation (together with the teacher).
The tasks that the teacher sets in the work for children of senior preschool age:
- Creating conditions for intellectual growth.
- Developing skills for self-solving the proposed problem situation.
- Developing the desire to have a constructive conversation during joint project activities.
Classification and types
The teacher uses different means of project activities in the preschool educational institution. Currently, there is their classification according to some criteria:
- target installation;
- themed;
- duration;
- number of participants.
Let's consider the main types of project activities in preschool educational institutions used in the framework of the second generation GEF.
One of them is research and creative work related to the creation of a finished product. For example, it can be experiments for children, a newspaper, an application.
Not only kids, but also their parents can be involved in such a project.
Game and role-playing work involves children's creativity, allows you to involve preschoolers in solving a specific problem. For example, through the efforts of parents, educator, children, a holiday is being prepared with fairy-tale characters who find themselves in difficult situations. Only the kids themselves can help the characters cope with their problems.
Informational, practice-oriented projects are aimed at collecting information about a certain natural phenomenon, object from various sources by preschoolers. After the literature has been processed, on its basis, the preschooler, under the guidance of the educator, begins to implement the idea, focusing on social interests:
- caring for plants in a living corner;
- group decoration for the New Year;
- preparing materials for March 8.
Classifications of projects in preschool educational institutions according to E. S. Evdokimova
The author offers his own division, relevant forearly childhood education.
- According to the dominant feature, projects are divided into creative, research, adventure, information, practice-oriented, game.
- By the nature of the content, it is assumed that the work of a preschooler and his family, nature and the child, culture and society.
- Depending on the degree of participation of the preschooler: expert, customer, areas of activity.
- By the nature of the contacts established: within the same group, together with the family, institutions of art, culture, public associations.
- By the number of participants: pair, individual, frontal, group.
- By implementation period: medium duration, short-term, long-term.
Features of creative activity
The topics of project activities in preschool educational institutions may be different, they depend on the target audience. Currently, research is being carried out not only in secondary and higher educational institutions, but also in kindergartens.
Information projects are considered the most common in preschool educational institutions. They are aimed at collecting information about one object, familiarizing the group members with it, analyzing the results obtained, generalizing the observed facts. The structure of such work includes:
- receiving, processing information;
- providing the finished product (result);
- project presentation.
Creative projects are aimed at the joint creativity of children and adults, they can be performed in a playful way. Work is of great interest to preschoolers,associated with artistic creativity, design. For example, you can come up with a musical project for the New Year holidays.
Adventure (game) projects involve the active involvement of kids in work. Each member of the creative team receives a specific role, a real opportunity to show their individual abilities. This option of activity contributes to the formation of independence of preschoolers, helps the teacher to form teamwork skills, develop the communication skills of each pupil of the preschool educational institution.
Senior preschool age is that fertile period when you can stimulate the child's desire for active cognitive activity.
For example, by the joint efforts of the educator, parents, children, you can prepare a fairy tale in a puppet theater for a matinee. Young actors in the process of working on this project will be able to improve their speech skills. The children from the senior group of the preschool educational institution will also be able to show the finished performance to the kids, feeling like real actors.
The degree of creativity in such activities is quite high, so preschoolers develop the skills necessary for adaptation in elementary school.
The practice-oriented projects chosen for work with preschoolers have an expected, concrete result aimed at social interests. Such activities require serious preparation on the part of the educator.
At some stages of the project, the teacher corrects the activities of preschoolers, discusses the results, helps the kids to put into practicefinished product.
Open projects can be used within the same group. In the process of working on them, there are no additional problems, since children and parents know each other perfectly. Preschoolers have a real opportunity to demonstrate their creative abilities, gain teamwork skills, acquire additional knowledge and skills. At the same time, psychologists recommend that teachers be careful when choosing open projects for work. With excessive isolation of groups within one educational institution, preschoolers will not have the opportunity to gain experience of cooperation with children of other age groups, this will negatively affect the process of their adaptation at school.
Contacts with representatives of different ages are needed for preschoolers to expand the scope of communication, social experience.
Individual activities
If in schools, lyceums, gymnasiums individual activity is considered the most common type of research work, then in preschool educational institutions it is used much less often.
Individual project involves the full involvement of the child in the process. It is rather problematic to achieve such an effect due to the age characteristics of preschool children. They are active, it is difficult for them to concentrate on the same type of activity for a long time. That is why individual research projects are a rarity in kindergartens.
Among those options that can also be attributedfor independent creative work, in preschool children are offered essays, applications, drawings for fairy tales, stories. Of course, moms and dads can help them in their work, turning an individual task into a way of spending joint leisure time, an exciting activity for the whole family.
Working in a team contributes to the formation of cooperation skills among preschoolers, allows the teacher to involve the kids in creative activities. Children learn to distribute responsibilities within a small group, together look for ways to solve the problem assigned to them, to answer to other children for the stage that they were entrusted with.
In addition to the experience of collective creativity, preschoolers get a lot of impressions, positive emotions, which is an excellent option for forming friendly relationships between peers.
Group projects are designed for 3-12 participants solving a common problem. After completing the work, small researchers present the finished product, while gaining public defense skills.
Methods of implementing projects in preschool educational institutions
This process is a complex and responsible task assigned to the educator of the second generation of the Federal State Educational Standard. The teacher, when planning such an activity, takes into account the age characteristics of preschoolers, thinks over the duration of each stage of the project.
We offer some specific examples of such work.
The ABC of He alth project is designed for 2 years, its participants are children from the younger group of preschool educational institutions, as well as their parents. On theThe first stage involves serious work with mothers and fathers of babies, carried out in the form of lectures, conversations, and trainings. The purpose of such activities is to familiarize parents with the age characteristics of preschoolers, explaining to them the importance of maintaining the prevention of colds.
The project involves a medical worker, a psychologist of preschool educational institution. With the joint efforts of parents, a teacher, a teacher of physical education, a music worker, a psychologist, a physician, an algorithm for the prevention of colds in children is thought out, methods are selected that are best suited for babies.
The second stage of the project, dedicated to increasing immunity in children of primary preschool age, is associated with the practical implementation of the chosen method of hardening.
For example, after a daytime sleep, the kids, moving in a circle, perform comic exercises, while rubbing themselves with a wet mitten. Gradually, the duration of the exercises increases, the temperature of the bathing water decreases.
To monitor the results of the project implementation, a he alth worker monitors the statistics of colds in babies involved in the project.
At the third (final) stage, the results of the work carried out are summed up, the change in the number of children with colds is analyzed, conclusions are drawn about the advisability of introducing hardening.
Project "We are responsible for those we have tamed"
Each kindergarten group has its own living space. If earlier it was possible to see pets in it, now, in addition to fresh flowers, in many preschoolaquariums with fishes are established. The project is aimed at instilling in the younger generation the skills of caring for wildlife. Each child receives a specific task:
- watering flowers;
- dusting the leaves of flowers;
- plant transplantation (under the guidance of a tutor);
- feeding the fish.
This is a long-term project that helps children develop a sense of responsibility for living beings.
Gradually, the teacher redistributes responsibilities between the kids so that each of them has different practical skills and abilities.
Project "Young Actors"
Preschoolers of 5-6 years of age are happy to take part in various creative activities. That is why one of the projects designed to work with older preschoolers can be considered the creation of your own theater. Together with the teacher, parents, preschoolers create characters for their productions. Next, the repertoire is selected, the distribution of roles between novice actors takes place. At the next stage of the implementation of this project, rehearsals are expected. They contribute to the development of speech skills, the formation of communication skills, allow kids to show their creative abilities. The children first show the finished performance in their group, then they can perform it in front of their parents, other preschoolers.
Conclusion
It is difficult to imagine a modern preschool educational institution that would not usevarious types of project activities. Collective types are considered optimal and most effective for preschool educational institutions, aimed at involving the maximum number of preschoolers in creative work.
Kids are happy to get involved in preparing for the holidays, prepare concerts for their parents, create real “masterpieces” of modern art for them from paper and cardboard.
