History

We are all well aware of the tram as one of the types of urban transport. Its history goes back almost two centuries. Having appeared in 1828, trams gradually gained popularity in the world, and are still an integral part of the transport network of many cities. For many years of its existence, this type of transport has constantly changed and improved. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Destruction always becomes the mother of creation. Khitrovskaya Square in Moscow became such an example. People lived peacefully at this place until the tragedy happened. The renewed and rebuilt territory was supposed to become a kind of shopping center, but turned into a abode of social bottom. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The destruction and casu alties caused by World War II were very great and almost unparalleled. They are simply impossible to calculate even approximately. In this hellish war, human losses approached 60 million people. In World War I, five times fewer people died, and property damage was estimated 12 times less. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

This article will tell the story of Lizzy Borden, who was accused of murdering her stepmother and father, but was acquitted. Her biography will be told, as well as the events of that fateful day that made her name truly a household name. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Pride is a great sin in Christianity. But the Tuareg do not know this postulate, as well as humility and humility. This people has known neither borders nor prohibitions for 2,000 years. The Tuareg tribes, like many centuries ago, roam the desert. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The article tells about the trident, which became an integral part of the ancient Greek god of the seas Poseidon. A brief outline of the appearance of this weapon and the use of its images in various symbols is given. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Zemsky chiefs - officials in Russia, elected from the nobility. From 1889 to 1917, they controlled the work of the public administration of the peasants and were their court. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The fall of Constantinople was one of the most important events of the entire European Middle Ages. The capital of the Byzantine Empire was taken by storm by the Western Crusaders. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

As a result of the post-war redistribution of the world, the four largest empires ceased to exist: Russian, Ottoman, German and Austro-Hungarian. Turkey occupied vast spaces in the west of Eurasia and northern Africa, but by the beginning of hostilities in Europe, it had lost almost all of these territories. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Legendary city that has changed many names, peoples and empires… The eternal rival of Rome, the cradle of Orthodox Christianity and the capital of an empire that has existed for centuries… You will not find this city on modern maps, nevertheless it lives and develops. The place where Constantinople was located is not so far from us. We will talk about the history of this city and its glorious legends in this article. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Soviet aviation received its true development precisely during the Second World War, when the issue of aircraft technical equipment was a matter of life and death. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

During the years 1649-1775 in the central and north-eastern regions of Ukraine there was a Cossack military-political association, which went down in history under the names of the Zaporizhian Army, or the Zaporozhian Sich. The Cossacks called themselves the Cossack state, but this was a clear exaggeration, since throughout the history of its existence, the Sich was in varying degrees of dependence on neighboring states: the Commonwe alth, the Russian and Ottoman empires. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

King James (1566-1625) ruled Scotland from 1567 and then, from 1603, became monarch in England. His fate was characterized in the "Prophecies of Nostradamus" as "life between two blocks" because of the tragic fate of the reign itself and the entire Stuart dynasty. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

By the middle of the eleventh century, the Duchy of Normandy had reached full bloom. The feudal system contributed to the creation of excellent military detachments, which were supplied to the duke by his vassals, and the heavily armed knightly cavalry of Normandy gained unfading fame. The Norman Conquest of England was a foregone conclusion. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

In Japan, the emperor is perceived as a symbol of national unity and a figure who is formally the head of state. Although these functions, according to the constitution, are predominantly representative. However, the institution of the emperor for Japan is sacred. This word means "heavenly master." The first emperor, Jimmu, who is in second place in the Shinto pantheon of gods, enjoys special reverence. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

In the 1760s. a large ethnic group of Germans appeared in the Volga region, who moved to Russia after the publication of the manifesto of Catherine II, in which the empress promised the foreign colonists preferential living conditions and farming. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Under the Stalinist terror understand the repression that began in the Soviet Union in the 20s and ended in 1953. During this period, mass arrests took place, and special camps for political prisoners were created. No historian can name the exact number of victims of Stalinist repressions. More than a million people convicted under Article 58. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Khrushchev's coming to power took place in 1953, a few months after the death of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Joseph Stalin. He entered the history of the Soviet state with his reforms, to which there is an ambiguous attitude among experts. The period of his reign is usually called the "thaw", while he became the only leader of the USSR who was forcibly removed from his post. Nikita Sergeevich led the country for 11 years. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

March 5, 1953 - a date that all the inhabitants of the Soviet Union knew well. On this day, Soviet Generalissimo Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin died. After that, a fundamentally new history began in the country, the political repressions that had been in place for many years were stopped, and soon a large-scale campaign began to debunk the personality cult of the head of state. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The Novocherkassk execution would not have taken place if it were not for an absurd negligence. The detonator was a thoughtless phrase expressed by the director of the plant, who, when asked how the workers should live, suggested that they eat liver pies instead of meat. This random remark was enough to set the gunpowder on fire. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Russia's participation in the First World War is a difficult page in our history. There were great retreats and legendary operations during the war. However, Russia could not solve its main tasks. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

One of the events of the Second World War, around which fierce disputes continue, is the raising of the Banner of Victory over the Reichstag, hoisted by soldiers of the 150th Infantry Division. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Trajan's Column was built in honor of the Roman emperor, who made a dizzying career. He started as a simple legionnaire and reached the ruler of one of the most powerful states. Thanks to this talented commander and reformer, the territory of the Roman Empire was significantly increased. And the state itself has significantly strengthened its influence. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The most ambitious plan adopted in the Soviet Union after all the wars is the creation of a whole network of power stations. The State Commission for Electrification brought the USSR to a new level of development. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Iosif Vissarionovich was a great leader of a great country for a long time. He is known and respected far beyond the CIS countries. He was an outstanding ruler and dictator. But during the beginning of the Second World War, Stalin disconnected from the world around him, so the country lost its commander, but this did not last long. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Russia is a huge country in which tens of thousands of films and series are released annually on large and small screens. The number of actors playing in them also goes off scale, so the viewer remembers among these faces only those who play the main roles. But after all, the actors who play secondary and episodic roles are also very talented and try to give their best. And one of the best among them is Alexey Nesterov, who played in 30 films and 15 performances. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

One of the significant events of the Great Patriotic War is the 1941 battle for Kyiv. The defense of the city lasted from July to September and claimed many lives. In the documents, this event is called the Kyiv strategic defensive operation. Despite the heroism of Soviet soldiers and local residents, many strategic mistakes were made. Subsequently, they led to tragic events, for which hundreds of thousands of people had to pay with their own lives. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The fate of Fyodor Mikhailovich Orlov was difficult and heroic. The man whose name a street in Moscow is now named, unfortunately, is little known to posterity. And at the same time, his biography is an example of strength, courage and love for his Motherland. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Europe has not achieved its main goal - the weakening of Muslims - either in the fifth or in other campaigns. Opponents did not submit to European culture. Honor and glory were not won by the knights. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Western Russia was part of the Kievan state, after which it broke away from it in the 11th century. Princes from the Rurik dynasty ruled here, who had difficult relations with their western neighbors - Poland and Hungary. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The history of Russia is rich in a variety of events. These are wars, reforms, the fall of old principalities and the emergence of new ones. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

National symbols are an invariable attribute of any modern state. As part of this review, the flag and coat of arms of the RSFSR are considered in detail, and the history of this state formation is briefly described. Last modified: 2025-06-01 07:06

German scientist Robert Koldewey suggested that the foundations he discovered are the remains of the Tower of Babel and something else very large. Having proved the existence of biblical Babylon, he hypothesized that there were also hanging gardens. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Eric Koch is a Nazi whose name is hated by all Ukrainian people. After all, being in the post of Reichskommissar of Ukraine, he sentenced to death more than 4 million people. Not to mention how many people, by his grace, became disabled from exorbitantly hard work in concentration camps. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

This royal person ruled in three countries at once as a co-ruler of her husband, being the queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. They named her after the Scottish Queen Mary Stuart. She was brought up in the Anglican faith, which played an important role in her fate. We will tell about the life and reign of Mary II in our article. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The surname of the Generalov already leaves some kind of imprint on its bearer. Among its owners in the history of Russia there are a retired major general, a deputy of the State Duma, and a colonel general of higher officer courses. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Obrok is one of the types of taxes that serfs gave to their master. It was called natural if it was paid in products, monetary if it was money. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Turkey is a multinational state with a rich historical past. This is confirmed by both cultural traditions and folklore. The population of Turkey in 2013 is approximately 75 million people. In addition to the Turks, Arabs, Zazaks, Circassians, Kurds, Lezgins, Armenians, Albanians and other peoples live in the country. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Authoritarianism is a political system in which power is controlled in the hands of one person or group of people. At the same time, civil liberties are limited, and the population cannot influence the decisions of the elite. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

This World War II battle caught the attention of the political elite across the ocean. US President T. Roosevelt congratulated the Soviet leadership on military success, and sent a letter to the residents of the city, in which he recognized the greatness of their feat. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01