The part of speech that characterizes the actions and states of an object is a verb. What does this mean? The object does something, is in some state or experiences it.
In the indefinite form, the verb answers questions of action: what to do? or what to do? However, in Russian this part of speech has several morphological features, due to which the grammatical form of this part of speech can change.
Infinitus means indefinite
A verb is a speech unit in which gender, tense, person and other morphological characteristics can be determined. But if the verb is in the infinitive, the only sign we can see is the perfective or imperfective. The infinitive is, in other words, the indefinite or, as it is also called, the initial form of the verb. This property of this part of speech helps to deal with the spelling of verb endings when it comes to conjugation. To the infinitiveMay I ask what to do? (to do?) It usually ends in -t (walk, saw, plant, etc.), -ti (go, find, save, etc.) or -chi (guard, bake, lie down, etc.).
Verb tense
This is the ability to designate an action or state of an object at all times: I am doing it now, I did it before (I did it), then I will do it (I will do it). Not all verbal characteristics fall under the category of tense. For example, perfective verb forms are not used in the present tense. Conditional verbs have neither the future tense nor the present, but can only be used in the past tense with the particle by.
Verb mood
A verb is a part of speech that can be used in three moods.
In the indicative mood, this part of speech describes actions that are currently happening, have happened in the past, or will happen in the future. Examples: I tell, I told, I will tell (I will tell). Sometimes verbs in the indicative mood in the position of the present, future tenses may lose the vowel that ends with the stem of the infinitive: sit - I'm sitting
In the conditional mood, the verb characterizes actions that are possible under certain conditions, or those that want to be done. Examples: I would love to tell you this story. He would read if there were listeners. Words in the conditional mood form are formed by adding the suffix -l- to the base of the infinitive plus particles by (b). The particle can be used after the verb, before it, it is also sometimes separatedfrom the verb in another word: I would have expressed my request, but there was a lump in my throat. I would have listened carefully, then I would have understood the essence
In the imperative mood, the verb reflects a certain coercion. Examples: tell, sit down, read. The imperative mood can be obtained by adding the suffix -and- or the zero suffix to the stem of the verb in the present or future tenses
When forms of one mood are used in the meaning of another
In some cases, which are determined by semantic coloring, the form of one mood can use the meaning of another. Consider examples.
- The indicative mood with particles let (let it), let it be perceived as imperative verbs. Examples: Long live the truth! Let them say a loud cheer for the defenders of freedom.
- Conditional mood, conveying the meaning of the imperative: Would you, Natalia, leave these chores.
- Imperative, conveying the meaning of the conditional: If I hadn't spared the money then, I would have been on the ship.
- The imperative mood, conveying the meaning of the indicative: He serves the master, and sweep, and clean, and run errands.
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Indefinite form of the verb, conveying the meaning of the indicative mood:
And the queen laugh and shrug her shoulders… (A. Pushkin); conditional: Take a pinch of native land as a keepsake; imperative: - Forgive! Forgive! voices rang out. (M. Bulgakov.)
Verb types
A verb is a part of speech that can take two forms.
- Perfect - verbs of this form are calledaction, indicating its completion or result. Examples: what did you do? told (past tense) what will I do? I will tell (future tense). Infinitive: what to do? – to tell.
- Imperfect - verbs of this form name an action without indicating its completion or result. Examples: what did you do? - told (past tense); what do i do? - tell (present tense) what will i do? - I will tell (future tense). In the infinitive: what to do? – tell.
Usually the same verb can be used in both forms, but there are words that have only one form:
- only perfect - to appear, find oneself, strike, etc.;
- only imperfect - to belong, walk around, etc.
Also in Russian there are so-called two-species verbs, they can be used as words of both kinds. Example: A scientist recently (did what?) cloned an experimental animal. A Shostakovich concerto was broadcast on the radio while the scientist (what was he doing?) cloned the experimental animal. Another example: The villain (what did he do?) wounded the prince with a knife. Your words (what are they doing?) cut me to the core.
Personal endings for verbs
Verb conjugation is the ability to change in persons and numbers. There are only two of them. The conjugation rule helps us figure out how to write the endings of verbs used in the form of the first, second, third person, if they are not stressed. It must be remembered that the second conjugation includes all verbs that are in the infinitiveend in -it. There are only two exceptions here - the words shave and lay, which will refer to the first conjugation.
All other verbs belong to the first conjugation. But here, too, there are exceptions that must be remembered: 7 verbs ending in the infinitive with -et and 4 verbs with -at. They are easier to remember in rhymed form:
Drive, hold, look and see, breathe, hear, hate, and offend, endure, and depend, yes twirl.
Verbs formed by the prefix method from these exception words are also exceptions: see, catch up, cover, hear, etc.
As we mentioned, verb conjugation is what makes it possible not to make mistakes in the spelling of unstressed verb endings. This is how the personal endings of verbs in I and II conjugations look like.
| Person of verbs | First conjugation, singular | First conjugation, plural | Second conjugation, singular | Second conjugation, plural |
| 1st | -u(-u) | -eat | -u(-u) | -im |
| 2nd | -eat | -ete | -ish | -ite |
| 3rd | -et | -ut(-ut) | -it | -at (-yat) |
What is the algorithm of actions when determining how to write the ending in the verb from the sentence "Men call..t firewood"?We turn the form of the verb into an indefinite one: to prick. It ends in -ot and does not apply to exceptions, which means it belongs to the I conjugation. According to the table below, in the third person plural we will write the ending -yut: Men chop wood.
Another example: Wind, why are you driving clouds to the south? We put the verb in the infinitive form - to drive, we see the ending -at. The word must belong to the I conjugation, but it is included in the group of exceptions and therefore belongs to the II conjugation. Therefore, in the second person singular, the verb has the ending -ish: Wind, why are you driving clouds south?
Persons of the verb
A verb is a part of speech that can change by person, except when it is used in the past tense. In each of the three persons, the verb has different endings. Examples: I notice, you notice, he notices, we notice, you notice, they notice.
Verb numbers
This part of speech in all grammatical forms can be used in singular and plural. Examples: A dear guest has come to us. Guests have arrived.
Verb gender
A verb is a speech component that can change by gender in the past tense: The kid crawled on the floor (masculine). The clock hand crawled back (feminine). The insect slowly crawled along the road (neuter).
In the present and future tense, the gender of the verb cannot be determined: I'm crawling through the tunnel (gender - ?). I will crawl the required distance (genus -?).
Transitivity
The verb is specialpart of speech with the property of transitivity.
- Transitive verbs can be combined with nouns or pronouns in the accusative case and without a preposition: listen to (what?) music, put (whom?) a giraffe in.
- Intransitive verbs include all the rest: pay (for what?) fare, hope (on whom?) on a friend.
Voice of the verb
This grammatical feature reflects the situation when either the object itself performs an action, or an action is performed on it. The pledge can be active (the action is carried out by someone or something) and passive (the action is carried out on someone or something). Examples: Sister planting flowers (actual pledge). Flowers planted by sister (suffering bail).
Returnability
This part of speech can have a reflexive form, which is obtained by adding the postfix -sya (-s) to the end of the word. Examples: play - play, played, break - break, broke, etc.
Usually the same verb can be reflexive and non-reflexive, but there are words that are always only reflexive. These include verbs to be proud, to like, to be lazy, to doubt, etc. Usage examples: I have a dream. The kid is afraid of the dark. We all hope for intelligence.
Syntactic role
In a sentence, verbs play the role of a predicate and are underlined by two lines. Like the subject, the predicate belongs to the main members of the sentence and together with it creates the grammatical basis of the sentence.
The verb in the infinitive can be not only a predicate, but also other memberssuggestions. Examples: To love is to carry the sun in the heart (in this case, the verb to love answers the question what? and is the subject). I had a dream to go to Australia (what dream? - go to Australia, here the verb plays the role of a definition). I asked you to go to the store (asked for what? - go to the store, in this sentence the verb acts as an addition). We sent my grandmother to a sanatorium for treatment (we sent her to a sanatorium for what? - to heal, this is a circumstance of the goal).
Summarize
A verb is one of the independent parts of speech that characterizes the action of an object or its state. It has such morphological qualities as appearance, transitivity, conjugation, recurrence. The verb can change by mood, number, tense, person, gender. In a sentence, this part of speech is usually a predicate, and in an indefinite form it can play the role of any member of the sentence.
