One of the most difficult topics in the Russian language is the spelling of participles. Especially many questions arise when studying the spelling "not" with participles (jointly and separately). Examples of writing, as well as the rules and main points regarding this topic - you will find all this in this article.
A bit of theory
Before you start learning how to spell "not" with participles, you need to understand the terms.
So, a participle is a part of speech that denotes a sign of an object by action. It is formed from the verb and answers the questions of the adjective ("what?", "whose?"). There are short and full forms of the sacrament.
Full form:
- published book;
- project completed;
- harvested.
The short form looks like this:
- book published;
- project done;
- harvested.
An important point in this topic is the distinction between participles and verbal adjectives. Participles describe a process, while adjectives describe a subject. Consider this with an example.
Let's say you attended a theatrical performance, and it seemed to you just brilliant. So, “brilliant” in this case is an adjective derived from the verb “shine”. This is easy to identify because the word does not describe the process.
However, at the performance, you remember the actress in a suit shining in the spotlight. Here, "brilliant" is a participle, as it describes the process of how the costume shone under the rays of light. This can be defined in another way - you need to ask the question "what is doing?".
You can write a participle with "not" both together and separately, the examples and algorithm given later in the article will help you choose the right option.
Spelling "not"
A slightly tricky point of the rules is separate spelling. First of all, short forms of participles with “not” are written separately. Examples:
- unreleased;
- not done;
- can't hear;
- not visible, etc.
But the spelling of the full forms is somewhat different. Such participles are written with "not" both together and separately. An example is the word "unnoticed", which can be written in different ways. What does its spelling depend on? From the words around him.
Separate from "not" participles are written when there is a contrast with the union "a". For example:
- not running, but crawling the distance;
- not late, butdelayed committee member, etc.
Also, participles are written separately if there are words dependent on them. For example:
- Mistake I didn't notice;
- unedited journal.
The last rule regarding the separate spelling of "not" with participles is the spelling of phrases with the words "far", "not at all", "not at all", "not at all". Their presence suggests that "not" with the participle in this case will always be written separately. For example:
- far from polished boots;
- not an upset girl at all;
- not a written article;
- not at all a sleeping boy.
That's all the rules about writing "not" with the participle separately. Examples of continuous writing are yet to come.
When "not" is spelled together
The “not” is written together with participles if it cannot be used without the “not”. For example, hated - the word "hate" and its derivatives simply do not exist in Russian, which means that you need to write together.
The participle is also written together if there are neither oppositions nor any dependent words. Here, however, there is a caveat - if the dependent word is an adverb in the meaning of measure, then the spelling will be continuous. That is, the dependent word is not always an indicator that “not” with the participle must be written separately.
The most commonly used such adverbs are:
- extremely";
- very;
- perfect;
- too;
- almost;
- full;
- absolutely;
- pretty;
- quite;
- extremely;
- partly;
- very.
Of course, this is not the whole list.
Algorithm for working with participles
The following algorithm will help facilitate the work with participles:
- First you need to understand if the word is defined without "not". If not, it is written together, if yes, the next step of the algorithm.
- Next, you need to determine its form - short or full? If it is short, then it is written separately, if it is complete, the next paragraph.
- Setting the presence of opposition with the union "a". If there is such a fact, we write separately, if not, we move on.
- It is necessary to determine the presence of a dependent word. If it is not, then it is written together. If it is, what is it?
- If the dependent word is an adverb in the meaning of the measure, then "not" with the participle is written together.
- If all other parts of speech are dependent words, then the spelling is separate. The same applies to the words "far", "not at all", "not at all", "not at all".
To make it easier to understand the progress of the work, the algorithm is shown in the following diagram.
Examples
Let's analyze the correct spelling of "not" with participles using examples. Each rule will be given a corresponding phrase illustrating its operation.
| Rule | Writing | Example |
| Short Communion | separate | no letter written |
| opposition | separate | not a shirker, but a sick student |
| dependent words | separate | unfinished project by me |
| not far, not at all, not at all, not at all | separate | not at all engaging lecturer's tone |
| cannot be consumed without "not" | together | the hated rain |
| no dependent words | together | unread book |
| adverbs in the meaning of measure | together | hardly hungry worker |
As already mentioned, you can write "not" with participles both together and separately, but the examples and rules given in this article reveal this topic quite fully.
