Man's understanding of the structure, composition, lifestyle and types of interaction of all living beings on the planet helps him use this knowledge for his own purposes, for the benefit of the development of human civilization. Moreover, people have always been interested in the world around them. Since ancient times, man has been trying to figure out how organisms work, what they are, what they are and what they mean.
That is why, over time, such a discipline as biology was born and received the most colossal popularity among the sciences. At first, it concerned only plants, then animals, humans, microorganisms, and finally reached the stage in its development when it became possible to look inside the tiniest creatures. On the path of formation, many subsidiary sciences spun off from biology, which are now all complex and constitute its essence.
Biology
There are a number of different sciences that biology includes. Consider their classification.
I. General Sciences
- Systematics.
- Morphology (anatomy, histology, cytology).
- Physiology.
- Evolutionary teaching.
- Biogeography.
- Ecology.
- Genetics.
II. Complex
- Pasitology.
- Hydrobiology.
- Soil science.
III. Private Sciences
- Botany.
- Zoology.
- Anthropology.
This method of division of biological disciplines was proposed by the scientist B. G. Johansen in 1969, and it has not lost its relevance to this day. This classification covers almost all major disciplines, except for the most modern ones - biotechnology, biochemistry, genetic and cell engineering and some medical sciences.
Anatomy and related disciplines
One of the earliest and most important biological disciplines is anatomy. Here we will consider it in more detail.
Firstly, the question arises: anatomy - what is it? What is she studying? Several answers can be formulated. But the bottom line is this.
Anatomy is the science of the shape of organs and organ systems, their structure and functioning. This discipline is a section of morphology and in itself includes two varieties:
- plant anatomy - the structure, shape and arrangement of organs and tissues in plant creatures;
- animal and human anatomy - everything is the same, only for representatives of the fauna.
Anatomy with other sciences is in close interaction, and this is not surprising. It is difficult to study the molecular structure of a liver cell if you do not know what the liver is, where it is located and what functions it performs. Sothis discipline occupies a very important place in the general system of biological sciences.
Anatomy itself is divided into the following varieties:
- comparative;
- systematic;
- age;
- topographic;
- plastic;
- functional;
- experimental morphology.
Each section has its own goals and objectives of study, its own object and subject of study, and makes a very large contribution to the accumulation of a theoretical knowledge base in biology.
Goals and objectives of science
Anatomy - what exactly does this discipline study? To answer, let's turn to the goals and objectives of this science.
Goal: to form accurate theoretical knowledge, supported by experimental practical research, about the structure of the human body, the shape and position of its organs and systems, their formation in the process of evolution and transformation over time under the influence of environmental factors.
In connection with the goal, anatomy is a science that solves the following problems:
- Study the stages of the formation of a person and his body in the process of evolutionary development.
- Consider the structure of organs, their systems and study the patterns of change as a result of age-related transformations.
- Explore the influence of environmental conditions and factors on the development and formation of organs and systems of the human body.
Thus, we got a specific and complete answer to the question "Anatomy - what is it?" and we canproceed to consider the history of the development of this science.
History of anatomy as a science
As a science, this discipline was formed only in the XVIII century. However, theoretical knowledge began to accumulate in ancient times, thanks to the works of such great people as Hippocrates, Aristotle, Herophilus, Erasistratus and others.
Let's take a closer look at how anatomy (the science of man) was formed by eras in the form of a table.
| Ancient Greece, Egypt, Persia and China (460 BC - XIII century AD) | Middle Ages and Renaissance (XIII - XVIII centuries) | New and Modern Times (XVIII - XXI centuries) |
| 1. "Ayurveda" (Indian book). Contains descriptions of some human organs, muscles and nerves. | The beginning of the Middle Ages is characterized by stagnation in the development of anatomical knowledge. Nothing is studied or investigated, as it is forbidden by the church. But already the end of the XVII - the beginning of the XVIII century - this is the period of the Renaissance. At this time, a number of events are unfolding that have become an important milestone in the history of science. | This period is characterized by the creation of magnifying instruments that allow you to open small structures and microorganisms. Medical anatomy emerges. New methods of studying living organisms, including humans, are being formed. A clear concept is defined that anatomy is a science that studies not just organs, but entire systems, their work and formation throughout life. |
| 2. Neijing (Chinese book). Includes descriptions of the heart, kidneys, liver, andother human organs. | 1. The Italian Mondino in 1316 creates the first textbook, which says that anatomy is the science of human organs, their life. | 1. Karl Baer (1792-1876) - discovered the human egg, studied the mechanisms of the formation of germ layers and the beginning of the formation of organs from them. He became the founder of the theory of recapitulation (repetition) in the embryogenesis of the human embryo of some external signs of animals. |
| 3. The Egyptian physician Imhotep studied the constituent parts of the human body on the basis of corpses for mummification. He described all the observations and thus created his work. | 2. 1473 - The works of Avicenna and Celsus are published, the first medical anatomical dictionary of terms is produced. | 2. Jean Baptiste Lamarck, Charles Darwin made a huge contribution to the development of evolutionary doctrine. Darwin is the author of the most widespread theory of the origin of human species and their historical development. |
| 4. Roman Herophilus and his main work "Anatomy". He purposefully studied the internal structure of human corpses, made a great contribution to the development of human anatomy, he is called the father of this discipline. | 3. A special contribution to the development of the discipline was made by the painter Leonardo da Vinci, who skillfully used his talents as an artist to accurately sketch the muscles, organs, and parts of the skeleton of the human body. He owns more than 600 excellent, accurate and clear drawings, reflecting the work of muscles and their structure, various organs and bones. | 3. Louis Pasteur - brilliant scientist, chemist,microbiologist. He managed to prove the impossibility of spontaneous generation of life without the participation of microorganisms. Conducted many experiments proving this fact, is the father of microbiology. He also developed the first attempts to inoculate people against diseases. |
| 5. Erazistrat (Greece) also studied anatomy on the corpses of those condemned by law. He refuted the doctrine put forward by Hippocrates about the fluids that control the human body and its diseases. Described some organs and muscles. | 4. Andreas Vesalius - doctor, researcher, creator of a seven-volume anatomy book. One of the greatest anatomy researchers of his time. Recognized only observations and experiments, all the results were obtained by opening corpses and collecting bones in cemeteries. | 4. Kaspar Wolf - the founder of embryogenesis, its main trends and trends. |
| 6. Claudius Galen - 400 sources belong to his works, in which he described in detail dozens of structural parts of the body, including nerves and muscles. His works were the first methodological material for other people in the study of anatomy. | 5. William Harvey - made an invaluable contribution to the development of ideas about the movement of blood through the vessels. The founder of the biogenetic law, he expressed the idea of the origin of all living things from one egg. | 5. Luigi Galvani is a famous physicist who discovered nerve impulses of an electrical nature in the tissues of living beings of animal origin. Founder of electrophysiology. |
| 7. Celsus is the founder of many medical aspects of anatomy. Engaged in the study of ligation of blood vessels, the basicssurgery and hygiene. | 6. Eustachius - discovered the auditory tube, named after him (Eustachian), which connects the middle ear and the outer atmosphere. He also owns the discovery and description of the adrenal glands. Many of the organs he described were placed in a common work, which he could not finish. | 6. Peter I made a huge contribution to the development of anatomy and medicine in Russia. It was he who set the pace, thanks to which the scientists of our country were able to make a number of important and significant discoveries and give the sciences the opportunity to develop intensively. The tsar himself adopted this experience from foreign figures. The creation of the Russian Academy of Sciences was of decisive importance in the development of many disciplines. |
| 8. Persian doctor Abu-Ibn-Sina (Avicenna) - developed his theory, according to which there are 4 main organs in the human body that are responsible for all his work: heart, testicle, liver, brain. | 7. Gabriele Fallopius is a student of Vesalius. He owns descriptions and discoveries of a number of small structural parts of the body: the eardrum, eye and palatine muscles, elements of the organ of hearing. He described the basic structure of the female genital organs. | 7. Pirogov N. I. - an outstanding surgeon, the founder of comparative anatomy, the inventor of the "ice anatomy" method (cutting parts of frozen corpses for study and comparison). His work became the basis for the development of surgery. |
| 9. Greeks Empedocles and Alcmaeon. Contributed to the development of knowledge about the ear and the organs of vision, and the nerves adjacent to them. | 8. Thomas Willis is a physician who is famousthe discovery of a number of human diseases, as well as a thorough study of the human nervous system. | 8. P. A. Zagorsky and I. V. Buyalsky were the first to develop and publish anatomical atlases and teaching aids for students. |
| 10. Greeks Anaxagoras and Aristophanes. They independently studied the brain and its membranes, described what they saw. | 9. Gleason. Described the organs and more carefully studied childhood human diseases. | 9. P. F. Lesgaft is the founder of functional anatomy. He studied and described muscles, bones, their work and structure, joints. |
| 11. Euripides and Diogenes were able to examine the portal vein, described some parts of the circulatory system, many other organs and their work. | 10. Caspar Azelli. He made a fairly accurate description of the lymphatic vessels of the intestine. He invested a lot of work in the development of ideas about the action of the circulatory and lymphatic systems. | 10. V. N. Tonkov. He suggested using x-rays to study the skeleton. Founder of experimental anatomy as a discipline. |
| 12. Aristotle. Studied plants, animals and humans. Created over 400 works from different areas of biology. He considered the soul to be the basis of all living things, pointed out the similarities in the structure of the animal and man. | 11. A very important step forward in the development of anatomy was the "anatomical theaters": the autopsy of corpses in public. Those who wished to study medicine were admitted to such events. During the autopsy, there was a joint discussion of what they saw. easing on the part of the Churchfavorably reflected in the study of the basics of anatomy. | 11. YES. Zhdanov, B. I. Lavrentiev, N. M. Yakubovich made a great contribution to the development of knowledge about the structure and mechanisms of the brain, about the conduction of impulses. |
| 13. Hippocrates is the author of the idea of four fluids moving the body: blood, mucus, black and yellow bile. Denied theological views on human and animal anatomy. | 12. II Mechnikov - the author of the theory of immunity, the discoverer of the process of phagocytosis. Awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in this field. |
Of course, this is not a complete list of names whose works are of great theoretical and practical value in the development of such a science as anatomy.
What is anatomy today? Modern scientists also do not stop there. All new discoveries of various structures and their functions periodically occur. This means that some processes are still incomprehensible to a person, and he has something to strive for.
Relationship between anatomy and physiology
Anatomy and physiology are very closely related to each other. As sciences, they can provide complete information about the structure, form, structure and functioning of a particular organ or system only in combination. That is why, along with the corresponding anatomical sciences, there is physiology of plants and animals, including humans.
This is a very important interaction, allowing a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of the human body. This means that they should be properly managed. In myturn, such data are extremely important for medicine. So it turns out that almost all biological sciences are a tightly intertwined ball, pulling the thread of which, you can get unique and complete information about any living creature.
Anatomy for schoolchildren
In the course of the school curriculum, one of the important subjects for high school students is anatomy. What grade does it start in? As a science, it is taught starting from the eighth. But the first knowledge about the structure of the human body and the functioning of organs is already given in elementary school.
Studying a subject in elementary school
Naturally, they do not start studying this discipline from the first grade, although some anatomical concepts are explained to children abstractly and in an accessible form. For example, improper sitting at a desk can lead to a curvature of the spine. As a rule, at this age, all children already know where the spine is located. And only in the fourth grade does the "real" anatomy begin. Grade 4 is the final stage of primary education. Children are well prepared to learn to understand the most basic anatomical processes. Training is provided by the program in the course of the discipline "The World Around". Children are given the general topography of organs in the human body, their name and the name of the systems they form. There is also an emphasis on the functions performed.
Anatomy for Grade 8
At the middle level of education, human anatomy is studied in the most detailed and complete way. Grade 8 suggestsa whole year of careful and voluminous consideration of the issues of this discipline. During this period, everything is studied, from the history of the development of anatomy to issues of higher nervous activity and childbirth.
Children are told about all the features of the structure and functioning of organ systems, their individual parts, detailed information is provided on the influence of external factors on the development of people. The issues of evolution and formation of the human race are touched upon. That is, human anatomy is studied in a complex with other sciences.
The textbook "Grade 8. Anatomy" contains brightly illustrated, high-quality and accessible information on all issues of the discipline. In addition, it is accompanied by electronic manuals that involve the study of science issues virtually. Workbooks for students have been created for the textbook, as well as a number of teaching aids for teachers.
This makes it possible to consolidate the knowledge that biology (human anatomy) gives. Grade 8 is not the only one in which anatomical issues are raised, but the main one.
Studying discipline in grade 9 school
In some schools, this science is relevant at a later time - in the course of the 9th grade. Many believe that due to the complexity of the subject, the best assimilation will take place precisely in this teenage, more adult period of the formation of children's consciousness.
However, there is no doubt that the earlier study of the discipline is no less effective. After all, there are many sections thatoffers students biology. Grade 9 "Human Anatomy" shifts to earlier stages of study such complex issues as the molecular structure of the cell and organisms in general, evolutionary doctrine. Therefore, it is difficult to say at what age it is better to study an anatomy course. Anatomy is a science that studies primarily the structure and functions of the human body. Therefore, it hardly makes sense to postpone the study "on the back burner".
10 class and anatomy
Earlier (until the 1980s), this discipline generally took place only in high school. It was at the last stage of education that anatomy appeared. 10th grade was considered the most appropriate time for this.
Modern children are growing up in an era of intense transformation in science and technology. Their consciousness is more filled, they have become much more developed and more capable. The volume of material for study has also increased significantly, the methods and methods of teaching have changed (improved). Therefore, the transfer of the study of anatomy to the 8th grade has its own logical explanations and is not something negative.
