History 2025, February

Buses, like many things in everyday life, have a deep history of creation, ideas and its implementation. Inventions of this kind have deep roots and are continuously connected with the history of trams, trains and trolleybuses. None of this could have appeared in its modern form without the steam engine, which appeared at the end of the 18th century. The invention of the bus was a huge leap forward in the world of human transportation technology. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Romanov was the very last Russian tsar. He was a full-fledged heir to the throne even before the birth of Tsarevich Alexei. Tsar Nicholas II, who ruled at that time, understood that his own son Alexei, who had hemophilia, would not be able to fully manage the state. Therefore, he abdicated in favor of Romanov, and he became a full-fledged king. However, he was not destined to rule for a long time. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

At the very end of World War II, the Seelow Heights, located east of Berlin, were stormed. This truly great battle showed the heroism and incredible self-sacrifice of many soldiers and officers of the Soviet Army at a time when there was less than a month left before the Great Victory. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Praxiteles is a sculptor who lived in ancient Greece. The famous sculptor introduced elements of lyrics into art and succeeded in creating divine images. It is believed that it was he who was the first to praise the beauty of the naked body in his marble works. Researchers call the master a "singer of female beauty". Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

B altasar Gracian is an outstanding Spanish writer of the 17th century. He successfully combined spiritual and worldly activities - he was a Jesuit and a philosopher at the same time. As a legacy, he left magnificent books that made up an anthology of Spanish literature and are still classic works of the Baroque era. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Arkady Kamanin is a pioneer hero, whose biography is a vivid example of love for the motherland, readiness to protect the native land from enemies in the name of a brighter future. Arkady earned the Order of the Red Banner at the beginning of 1945 - for the delivery of secret documents and food for a walkie-talkie to a partisan detachment. The young man had to make a 1.5-hour flight over the front line along an unfamiliar route, characterized by difficult mountainous terrain, which greatly complicated the task. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Philip 2 The Spanish developed his political views with the direct participation of his father. Despite a long absence and rare visits home, Charles V tried personally, through letters and special instructions, to instruct his son in management matters. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Hard childhood, war, hungry years became an impetus for him to study well, and an attempt to learn Indian culture turned into the meaning of life. Leonid Vladimirovich Shebarshin, after graduating from the Institute of International Relations, began his career as a translator and attaché in Pakistan. When the State Security Committee became interested in a capable young man as an employee, Leonid Vladimirovich considered it an honor and agreed to work for the good of his homeland. At the age of 77, Leonid Vladimirovich shot himself in his apartment. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The article tells about the outstanding US military and political figure George Washington, who became the first president of this state. A brief overview of the history of his life and the main stages of his biography is given. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Today, few people, even among the citizens of Poland, know who Sigismund II Augustus is, what he became famous for, what ordinary people remember during his reign. And it’s completely in vain - for his time he was a very outstanding person. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The events of 1453 left an indelible impression in the memory of contemporaries. The fall of Byzantium was the main news for the peoples of Europe. For some, this caused sadness, for others, gloating. But there were no indifferent. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Hadrian ruled the Roman Empire in 117-138. In his era, the vast state enjoyed stability and prosperity. Adrian himself is deservedly remembered as one of the "five good emperors" of Rome. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Heresies are an integral part of Christianity. The established church and heretics are, by definition, at war. However, in the era of the Middle Ages and the New Age, the concept of "heresy" became too ambiguous. About what views could be classified as heresy, and how they fought heretics, this article tells. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

There have been many famous cities in the history of mankind. However, the most mysterious of them was Jerusalem. The history of this place has known more wars than any other settlement on the planet. Despite this, the city survived and today continues to flourish, being a shrine for three religions. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Mary, the Scottish queen, lived a colorful life. Her tragic fate still attracts the attention of writers and other representatives of the art world. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The Order of the Swordsmen, created to colonize the territories of the B altic states, due to severe military failures, was forced to seek an alliance with the stronger Order of the Teutonic Knights. These events are described in the article. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Cossacks are a unique phenomenon in Eastern Europe, which is not found anywhere else in the world. The homeland of the Cossacks is the lower reaches of the Dnieper. On the islands of this deep river, the first Sichs were located - the fortifications of the Cossack troops. Hetmans of Ukraine were known far beyond their lands. The exploits of the Cossacks in the fight against the Ottoman Empire are remembered in many countries of Western and Eastern Europe. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Ivan Mazepa left a mark in the history of Ukraine as one of the hetmans who tried to shift foreign policy vectors - to get away from Russian influence and move closer to Europe. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The population of Egypt in its ethnic composition is the most homogeneous among the inhabitants of the North African states. This country is considered the largest of all Arab countries and the second among African (after Nigeria) countries. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Terrorist attacks continue in Dagestan, as the reports of hostilities remind the public. Daily casu alties in considerable quantities make it necessary to qualify what is happening precisely as another war between civilians and security forces. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The bastard sword became the main melee weapon in Europe of the Developed and Late Middle Ages. These blades were distinguished by their practicality and versatility. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The Bosnian War began because of the ethnic conflict between the Bosnians, Serbs and Croats who lived in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This conflict became part of the process of disintegration of socialist Yugoslavia. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Today, few people remember who Nikolai Afanasyevich Goncharov is. But he is the father of Natalia Nikolaevna Goncharova, the one who won the heart of the great Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Alas, a severe shock happened in the life of this man, which subsequently destroyed his consciousness and destiny. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Julius Streicher was one of the main ideologists in the Third Reich. His ardent anti-Semitism led to his execution by decision of the Nuremberg Tribunal. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The Middle Ages left us with a legacy of horrific stories of torture, which are impossible to listen to without a shudder. At that time, the "Spanish boot" torture gained great fame in Europe. Despite the fact that the name contains a geographical indication, the tool was used by executioners in Germany, and in Britain, and in France, and even in Russia. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

This article tells about what the goddess of the rainbow was in ancient Greek mythology, what role she played, what myths are associated with this ancient deity. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Islam teaches to be very kind to those people who have devoted their entire lives to the study of religion and substantiation of some of its foundations from a scientific point of view. Such theologians were revered during their lifetime, and now many believers in daily prayers mention them before Allah. Imam Shafi'i is one of these amazing people. You can talk about him endlessly, because at the same time he was a scientist, theologian, jurist and founder of Muslim jurisprudence. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Against the background of his contemporaries, Ivan the Terrible was an extremely educated person. He had a phenomenal memory and theological erudition. True, there were many contradictions in his policy and character. The king, for example, was religious, but at the same time killed a lot of people. The famous contemporaries of Ivan the Terrible and their relationship with the tsar will be discussed in the article. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

From the distant 3rd century, the glory of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine, who became a symbol of not only selfless service to God, but also the wisdom acquired through tireless teaching, has come down to us. Her earthly life and feat is described in this article. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Mammoths… They seem to us so close and far at the same time, everyone knows what they looked like, but none of the people living on the planet have seen these creatures live. We only roughly imagine how tall and weight the animal was, what a mammoth's tooth looks like, how much food he needed per day. Many Yakut legends and scientific hypotheses are associated with mammoths. Let's try to find out which of the abundance of information is true. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The peoples of the sea are called northern strangers who attacked Ancient Egypt at the turn of the 13th-12th centuries. BC e. Aliens were defeated and settled in Palestine, where for a long time they were in conflict with the Israelis. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The Athenian court was one of the most important democratic bodies of this Greek polis. At its core, it was a jury trial. It was called "dikasterion" or "heliea" (from the name of the agora - the market square where the meetings were held). Hence the titles of judges - dicastes and heliasts. We will talk about how the sentences were passed by the Athenian court in our article. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Who is Aristarchus of Samos? What is he famous for? You will find answers to these and other questions in the article. Aristarchus of Samos is an ancient Greek astronomer. He is a philosopher and mathematician of the 3rd century BC. e. Aristarchus developed a scientific technology for finding the distances to the Moon and the Sun and their sizes, and also for the first time proposed a heliocentric world system. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Alexandra Romanova - wife of the last emperor of the Russian Empire. She, a loving wife and mother, ascended the "Russian Calvary" with her husband and accepted martyrdom without grumbling, submitting to God's will. Biography of Alexandra Fedorovna Romanova, her life, full of both happiness and sorrow, is the subject of this article. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

How can you rank "The Strongest People in the World"? It would be quite logical to start looking among athletes involved in weightlifting. And, of course, those who participate in the Strongest Men competition. This article will list the most powerful people on the planet, whose photos often appear in sports magazines. So let's get started. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Even in ancient times, the Egyptians themselves called Pharaoh Cheops Khnum-Khufu. The ruler himself called himself "the second sun." Europeans learned about him thanks to Herodotus. The ancient historian devoted several stories to the life of the Egyptian king. All his work is called "History". It was Herodotus who approved the Greek reading of the name of the pharaoh - Cheops. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Who knows the history of the Kalashnikov assault rifle? But this is a legendary machine used by most of the world's countries. It is not only one of the most popular small arms, but also one of the most significant inventions of the twentieth century. During the existence of the AK-47, more than fifty million modifications of this machine have already been released. A legendary weapon that has received recognition from most countries of the world. The history of the creation of the Kalashnikov assault rifle will be told to the reader in the article. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Meiji Restoration in Japan - a set of state events held in 1868-1889. It is associated with the formation of the system of government of the new time. The events made it possible to break the traditional way of life of the population and to introduce the achievements of the West at an accelerated pace. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The civil war, which officially began in 1918, is still one of the most terrible and bloody pages in the history of our country. Perhaps, in some ways it is even worse than the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, since this conflict involved incredible chaos in the country and the complete absence of a front line. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Theodor Herzl is a writer, journalist, founder of political Zionism. His name is the main symbol of modern Israel, as well as the entire Jewish history. Theodore created the World Zionist Organization. Many boulevards and streets in Israeli cities are named after him. This article will describe a brief biography of the writer. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01