In the XV - XVI centuries. the boyar duma was heterogeneous, especially under Ivan the Terrible: it included directly the boyars and people from the middle boyar families, okolnichy. The most important state posts were still occupied by the boyars: they were appointed governors, ambassadors, governors. Okolniki were appointed to help them. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
History
Andrey Ivanovich Popov - Hero of the Soviet Union, military pilot, famous for his undeniable courage and willpower. He was not afraid of enemies, battles, or fatal situations, he always emerged victorious from the most difficult situations that might seem insoluble to others. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
62nd Army - operationally created formation of the Red Army, which took part in the Great Patriotic War. It existed for a very short time - from July 1942 to April 1943, but in this short period it managed to enter national history, distinguished by the heroic defense of Stalingrad. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The vocation of Prince Vladislav was very official. A special letter was sent to him and his father. It outlined the basic conditions for his election as king of Russia. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The battleship "Gneisenau" was the pride of the fleet of the Third Reich. This ship was distinguished by its amazing characteristics for its time. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The ancient Slavic word "sagittarius" denoted an archer, who was the main component of medieval troops. Later in Russia they began to call representatives of the first regular army that way. The Streltsy army replaced the pishchalnik militias. Boyar children commanded "orders". Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
Afanasiev Sergey Alexandrovich headed this ministry in a very difficult time. The tension in relations with the United States of America, which was 10 times superior to the USSR in nuclear missile forces, was very high. The beginning of the third world war was quite probable. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
Healer, fortuneteller, founder of the Academy of Alternative Sciences, creator of unique medical equipment, artist, poetess - Evgenia Yuvashevna Davitashvili, known to the whole world as Juna. All my life, helping people and saving them, I never found happiness in my personal life. Juna's only joy was her only son Vakhtang Davitashvili. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
Politician and writer August Bebel was born on February 22, 1840 in the German city of Cologne. He was the son of a poor non-commissioned officer. His father died of tuberculosis when the boy was still very young. The widowed mother moved with the child to the Hessian city of Wetzlar. There August Bebel went to school. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
Swedish plans were to fortify on the banks of the Neva. Jacob de Lagardie, commander-in-chief of the Swedish army, proposed to the crown to build a fortress to protect the already conquered territories. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
In the entire history of the formation of the Kazakh state, the people have experienced many events, among which a special place is occupied by the anti-colonial liberation movement led by Syrym Datov. It gave a significant impetus to the further development of the khanate and showed that ordinary people would not put up with years of infringement and robbery by the khan and tsarism. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The material tells about the childhood years and the beginning of the career of the most famous fighter in the history of boxing competitions. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The Eastern Roman Empire was for a long time the last stronghold of Roman classical legislation, preserving its traditions and basic provisions. The reign of Justinian showed the weakness and some moral obsolescence of the canonical legal norms used at that time. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The Great Northern War was fought between Sweden and a coalition of northern states. It lasted more than twenty years, from 1700 to 1721, and ended with the defeat of Sweden. The main role in the victory belongs to Russia. This provided her with a leading military position among European states. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
Franz Joseph became Emperor of Austria in 1848, when revolutionary events forced his father and uncle to abdicate. The reign of this monarch is a whole era in the life of the peoples of Central Europe, which were part of the multinational Austro-Hungarian Empire. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
It is impossible to remember and list all the insignia, among which were not so much orders as medals and badges - there are thousands of them. Most appeared after memorable events of a political or military nature. If we talk about the progenitor of the imperial award collection, then with the light hand of Peter, many eventful medals were established. From them you can learn the history of the Russian state. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
In modern Poland, its citizens are equal in rights and have no class differences. However, every Pole knows well the meaning of the word "gentry". This privileged estate existed in the state for almost a thousand years, from the 11th century to the beginning of the 20th, when all privileges were abolished in 1921. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The article is devoted to a brief review of the feudal war in Russia in the second quarter of the 15th century. The paper describes the main stages of civil strife and its results. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
Kipchak Khanate existed in the XI - XIII centuries. The Kypchaks or Polovtsy were formidable nomads who disturbed many sedentary neighbors. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
This review is dedicated to the biography and deeds of Prince Mstislav Mstislavovich Udaly. Both the personal characteristics of this figure from the times of civil strife in Russia and the political events of that time were studied. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The article tells about the princes of Vladimir who were at the head of the Old Russian state in a period that spanned almost a century and a half from the middle of the 12th to the end of the 13th centuries. A brief overview of their most prominent representatives is given. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The article reveals the concept of feudal fragmentation, as well as its causes. The features of the crushing of Kievan Rus in the XII-XVI centuries are characterized. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
Mikhail Nikolaevich Tikhomirov - the greatest Soviet historian. Early years: family and education of the future scientist. Pedagogical activity and first researches. Scientific activity of a scientist. Development of problems of source study. The contribution of Mikhail Nikolaevich Tikhomirov to science. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The Battle of the Nations near Leipzig is one of the main battles of the Napoleonic Wars. It took place in Saxony on October 4-7, 1813. The rivals in the battle were the troops of Napoleon and the army of the Sixth Anti-French Coalition. The article tells about the course of the battle and its consequences. In addition, it is said why the battle of Leipzig is called the "battle of the peoples". Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The aggressive policy of France in the late 18th - early 19th centuries laid the foundation for numerous French coalitions, including states that were in direct danger from the French interventionists. In most cases, Russia took part in anti-French coalitions, but the degree of activity of the Russian Empire as part of such an alliance was different each time. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
In the vague and often difficult history of our country, there are names of people who, by chance, entered the books that tell about the development of Russia. Most often this happened with those individuals who, by the fact of their birth, belonged to the royal family. This can be said about the princess, whose name Ekaterina Ioannovna Romanova is not enough, which speaks to the modern layman. Meanwhile, such a princess lived in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The life story of Peter the Great's wife Evdokia Lopukhina is of great interest to history buffs due to its mystery, ambiguity and tragedy. She was the first and not too beloved wife of Peter l and the last Russian queen, while all subsequent spouses of Russian emperors were foreigners. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
Persian campaign 1722-1723 was committed in the southeastern parts of Transcaucasia and in Dagestan. His goal was to restore the trade route from India and Central Asia to Europe. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
In this review, we will consider the biography of the famous Swedish King Charles 12. Particular emphasis will be placed on his military campaigns. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The history of the Russian Navy has more than three centuries. During this time, hundreds of prominent commanders were awarded the rank of admiral. Some of them played a significant role in the fate of not only the fleet, but the whole country. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The Renaissance (Renaissance) replaced the Middle Ages and lasted until the Enlightenment. It is of great importance in the history of Europe. It is distinguished by a secular type of culture, as well as humanism and anthropocentrism (man comes first). Renaissance figures also changed their views. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
Rudolf Diesel - the man who gave new life to mechanical engineering. It was his brainchild - an internal combustion engine ignited by air compression - that revolutionized this technical industry. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The Battle of Grunwald is a battle that changed the course of history. More than 30 nationalities of the world from both sides took part in it. The consequences of this battle almost became fatal for the Teutonic Order. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The Georgian-Abkhazian conflict is a struggle between the two strongest states in the world for spheres of influence. Georgia, being a member of NATO, supported the US idea to build a railway through its territory. But part of Georgia - Abkhazia - reaches out to Russia. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict that broke out over the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh is still far from being resolved. The heads of state do not make concessions, the people continue to fight. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, the conflict in which cannot be resolved for several decades, formally belongs to Azerbaijan. What ignited this conflict, what measures are being taken to eliminate it?. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The Hague Conference is the first legislator of warfare. In 1907, uniform norms for the conduct of war and the resolution of conflicts by peaceful means were adopted. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The state of the Second Reich, which was on the verge of either collapse or a coup, was able to unite not at all King Wilhelm, but an unknown person - Otto von Bismarck. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The Great Patriotic War is considered the most bloody for the Soviet people. She claimed, according to some reports, about 40 million lives. The conflict began due to the sudden invasion of the Wehrmacht armies on the USSR on June 22, 1941. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01
The word "pharaoh" owes its origin to the Greek language. It is noteworthy that it was found even in the Old Testament. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01