History

The article tells about the Russian governor Mikhail Borisovich Shein, whose name is inextricably linked with the events of the Time of Troubles, in particular, with the defense of Smolensk. A brief overview of the history of his life and basic facts is given. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The association, which existed in the Russian Empire from the second half of the 18th century until the February Revolution of 1917, went through several stages in its development and established itself as an indispensable assistant in the implementation of the course of the central government in the field. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The relationship between Nicholas 1 and Pushkin is of interest to many modern historians. The way the head of state and the greatest poet of his time communicated with each other can tell a lot about the era, the personalities of the poet and the sovereign. It is well known that Alexander Sergeevich had a difficult relationship with the authorities. At the same time, it is obvious that in the case of Nicholas 1, everything was not so simple. In this article we will talk about the meetings of the poet and the sovereign, communication and correspondence. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The last chancellor of the Russian Empire, a major diplomat, a man who made history in a difficult period in the life of Russia, Prince A.M. Gorchakov was born 220 years ago, in 1798. Alexander Mikhailovich - a representative of an ancient family of Russian aristocrats, rooted in the reign of Yaroslav the Wise. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Lictor (Latin lictor)[1] - a special kind of civil servants; are mentioned in history since the reign of the Etruscan kings in Rome (VII century BC) [1]. Originally, the lictors were the executors of the orders of the magistrates cum imperio. Subsequently, they carried out only ceremonial and security functions with them, which consisted in escorting the highest magistrates and observing that they were given proper honors. Were armed with fasciae. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Churila Plenkovich is an epic hero, an extraordinary handsome man who is aware of the degree of influence on women of his outstanding appearance. He is not famous for heroic deeds, like the famous Russian heroes, he does not perform feats for the sake of saving the fatherland or any person. The story about him boils down to love adventures. There are only three epics about Churila, although they are told in different versions, and an erroneous opinion is created about their greater number. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The first three decades of the twentieth century were groundbreaking for aviation in a seemingly technologically advanced world. The first airships took to the skies in 1900, and in 1903 the legendary flight of the Wright brothers took place. Over the next three decades, early aviators pushed man and machine to their limits when it became necessary to develop legal regulations governing the international air transport of passengers and cargo. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Princes Shakhovskie - an old Russian family, originating from Rurik and numbering 17 tribes. The founder of the dynasty, whose members bore the surname Shakhovsky, is considered to be the Yaroslavl prince Konstantin Glebovich, nicknamed "Shah", the former governor in Nizhny Novgorod. Representatives of this genus also bore the surname Shemyakins. These were the descendants of his grandson, Alexander Andreevich, nicknamed Shemyaka. Starting from the 17th century, all representatives of this dynasty became Shakhovsky. Last modified: 2025-06-01 07:06

Considering the statement about the occupation of the B altic states, we need to remember the meaning of the word "occupation". In any dictionary, this term means the forcible occupation of the territory. In the B altic version of the annexation of territories, there were no violent actions. Recall that the local population greeted the Soviet troops with enthusiasm, hoping for protection from Nazi Germany. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The tortoise formation is a battle formation that existed among the Roman foot soldiers. It was intended to protect against arrows, spears and projectiles during the battle. About the construction of the "turtle", the features of this defensive technique and its varieties will be described in the article. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The Yeltsin era is an important period in the history of modern Russia, which is still differently assessed by many historians. Some see the first president of the Russian Federation as a supporter of democratic change who liberated the country from the communist yoke, for others he is the destroyer of the Soviet Union, whose rule led to the emergence of oligarchs and the squandering of national resources. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Russian princes Boris and Gleb became the first saints, demonstrating to people how to accept God's will, how to live and die with the name of the Lord and according to his precepts. Three dates of the Orthodox calendar are associated with their names: May 2 - the day of the transfer of relics to the tomb of the new church; July 24 - Memorial Day of Prince Boris; September 5 - Memorial Day of Prince Gleb. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The article tells about the centuries-old process of joining the Caucasus to Russia and the problems that sometimes led to protracted and large-scale military operations, which caused significant human losses. A brief overview of past events is given. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Adolf Hitler is known worldwide as the dictator of the Third Reich. He commanded the armed forces during World War II. There have always been many secrets and gossip around this German politician. But of particular interest was always Hitler's favorite car, in which he traveled almost half the world. It is known that he was even lost for a while and then found again. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Bessarabia joined Russia twice in modern history. First, this happened following the results of the Russian-Turkish war at the beginning of the 19th century, and then on the eve of World War II. In this article we will talk about the causes, facts and consequences of these events. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

If you ask any person who has even a little contact with medicine, from whom the development of this field of knowledge as an independent science began,32 then everyone will name one name - Avicenna. The quotes of this philosopher amaze us with their depth and are still relevant today. His lines of fate could be enough for several full lives. The directions of his research concerned a variety of areas: from bacteria invisible to the eye, which Louis Pasteur would announce only 800 years later, to space. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The soldiers called him "dad". This is the highest rating of the authority of the commander. Household - the "sun". He was the main man surrounded by beloved women - mother, wife and two daughters. Colleagues and enemies - "cunning fox" for an extraordinary diplomatic gift. And General Troshev called himself a "trench general". Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Hortense Beauharnais is a very famous person in French history. Being the stepdaughter of Napoleon Bonaparte himself, she managed to experience both the glory of his victories and the bitterness of defeats. The story of her life is a series of difficult trials and tragic twists of fate, which she was proudly able to surpass. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The name of the ship is not an abstract name invented by the builders when it was laid down. Admiral Levchenko is a real figure, a significant person in Russian history. He was born and lived in the days of the formation of Russia as a world power and an all-Union state, and became the person who created its future. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Many people know about the outstanding Russian engineer Ivan Petrovich Kulibin. And especially enterprising inventors have heard his last name addressed to them more than once: “You are like Kulibin!” However, few people know that out of dozens of developments by I.P. Kulibin patented only a few. And now the world knows that the architect Town built a heavy-duty bridge structure, and that Kulibin invented it - does not know. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

A country with a remarkable and dramatic history - that's what historians say about it. Indeed, over the 12 centuries of its existence, it has gone through a lot - the search for religion, invasions, wars, turmoil, palace coups, perestroika … Each of these stages left a scar, first of all, on the life of the people. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

In 1526, the sailors of a Spanish ship that reached the American continent met Indian traders who sailed on a wooden raft under sails made of durable cotton fabric. Back in the 16th century, they still did not know who the Incas were, nor the fact that they would soon come to them with a war. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Small rectangular sail, removable mast, flat bottom - it's all about plows. If you lived in Russia in the 11th century, then you would travel along rivers and lakes only on these rowing boats. However, such a luxury would be available to you, whether you were a serviceman, a courtier of the king or a Cossack. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The winter of 1941-1942 turned out to be "hot". In mid-November, the 41st Army of the Center decided on large-scale offensive operations. The target was Moscow. However, the plans of the Wehrmacht army also failed on a massive scale. The reason for this was the courage of our heroes and the severe cold that "worked" in the winter of 1941-1942. In memory of this "hot" winter of 1941-1942 in Germany, the medal "Frozen Meat" appears. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

History knows many examples of heroic deeds of soldiers of the Russian army. Destroying the enemy on a burning plane, throwing into an embrasure - all these selfless deeds will forever be firmly entrenched in the memory of the people who defeated Nazism. However, not all the exploits are remembered by the modern generation. For example, the contribution to the victory of Alexander Alexandrovich Kazakov is forgotten. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The defeat of the Polovtsians is considered a truly great event, which marked the beginning of the victories of Russia with the help of military moves. The date of the battle is included in the list of Memorable dates of the military history of Russia. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

This article will tell the reader about the cult form of transport of its era - Adolf Hitler's Mercedes, which traveled to different parts of the world, was lost, but eventually found. This article is about the past and future of the legendary Mercedes. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The article tells about the period of French history, called the July Monarchy, which became the threshold for the establishment of a republic in the country. A brief outline of the events of those years is given. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Nomadism is a special type of economic activity in which the majority of the population is engaged in nomadic pastoralism. Sometimes nomads (nomads) are mistakenly called all people leading a mobile lifestyle. These include hunters, gatherers, slash-and-burn farmers, fishermen, and even gypsies. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

What is Freemasonry and what is its purpose? Basic definition and concepts of the fraternal order. History of origin and development. How did the Masonic order appear in Russia? What signs are used by representatives of the brotherhood? Does the order have secrets? Secrets and attitude to religion. Last modified: 2025-06-01 07:06

Leonid Mikhailovich Zakovsky - a well-known Soviet employee of the state security agencies. He held the position of Commissioner of State Security of the first rank. He was a member of a special troika of the NKVD of the USSR. In this article, we will talk about the rise and fall of his career. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Almost everyone has heard about the city of Odessa, but not everyone knows who Osip Mikhailovich Deribas is, who is directly related to it. However, at birth, this man had a completely different name. The biography of Osip Mikhailovich Deribas, his activities and role in the history of Russia will be described in this essay. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Under the concept meant a survey of residents of the neighborhood, who are not interested in the case, about the life and identity of the suspect. Roundabout people were questioned not in court, but on the spot. In the courtroom, reference was made to the interviewees without giving names. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Dzhermen Mikhailovich Gvishiani is a well-known philosopher and sociologist. Recognized specialist in the field of management. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences. He is also known for his family ties with the top leadership of the USSR, including Alexei Kosygin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Trade contacts influenced southern and central Greece from an older state located on the island of Crete. Subsequently, Arthur Zvans, who was an archaeologist and discoverer of the Cretan civilization, called it Minoan. Relations with the Minoans played an important role in the development of the early Mycenaean Greek civilization. The Greeks borrowed almost everything from the Cretans: from culture to writing. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Hitler's policy is a position of racial discrimination, the superiority of one people over others. This is what guided the Fuhrer in the domestic and foreign political life of the country. The goal was to turn Germany into a "racially pure" state that would stand at the head of the whole world. All the actions of Hitler, both in internal and external state activities, were directed to the fulfillment of this super-task. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

In the 20th century, two Scharnhorst cruisers were in service with the German naval forces. They participated in the First and Second World Wars. Both were named after the reformer of the Prussian army, the famous General Gerhard von Scharnhorst, who lived at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. In this article we will talk about these ships, the history of their creation, service and death. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Olmecs is the name of a tribe mentioned in the historical chronicles of the Aztecs. This name is rather arbitrary, it is given by one of the relatively small tribes that lived in the current territory of Mexico. It should be noted that the culture of the Olmecs and the level of their development were at a fairly high level. This is confirmed by numerous artifacts found during archaeological excavations. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

Trotskyism is a theory that is a development of Marxism based on the views expressed by Leon Trotsky and other leaders of the left opposition in the 1920s and 1930s, as well as representatives of the International Left Opposition and the Fourth International. Also used as a self-name: Bolshevik-Leninists, revolutionary Marxists. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01

The article tells about St. Andrew (Oslyab) - a warrior-monk - and his brother Alexander (Peresvet), sent by St. Sergius of Radonezh to the army of Prince Dmitry Donskoy to participate in the Battle of Kulikovo. A brief outline of the information that has been preserved about them is given. Last modified: 2025-01-23 12:01