Morphology as a branch of linguistics is knowledge about the word and its constituent parts. Capacious is the definition of the linguist V. V. Vinogradov about what morphology is in the Russian language: he called it the grammatical doctrine of the word. That is, it is a science that studies the grammatical features of a word. These include: belonging to a certain part of speech, variability of form and grammatical meaning.
Object of morphology
Language as a science is a complex combination of elements with different properties and values. The smallest building material of such a system is a word that has and changes not only its lexical meaning (i.e. meaning), but also its grammatical meaning – case, number, gender. Unlike the meaning of the lexical, the grammatical is inherent in a certain number of word forms, united by a homogeneous feature, for example, the tense of the verb or the number of nouns.
The grammatical meaning of a word is what morphology studies in Russian. Since she is interested in the technical characteristics of the word, the idea of parts of speech will also be important within this area of linguistics. It is also important forstudying the morphology of the subject.
Word sciences
Linguistics has about ten main sections that study the Russian language from different angles. Morphology, orthography, morphemics, word formation, lexicography and orthoepy are sciences that specialize in the word as the main object of study.
Morphology is inextricably linked with other sciences of language. Since the word is an inseparable connection between lexical and grammatical meanings, it is impossible to consider its word forms in isolation from the peculiarities of semantics - the subject of study of lexicology. Orthography, like morphology, is interested in the grammatical meaning of a word, as it examines the correct spelling of words. For example, in order to apply the rule about vowel alternation at the root, it is worth taking into account the part of speech of the word. The syntax is guided by the rules for composing sentences and phrases, again consisting of words with a specific lexical and grammatical meaning.
Conceptual apparatus of morphology
What is morphology? The Russian language uses the terms "word form" and "lexeme" to define a word as a unit of morphological analysis. A word form is a word with a specific set of grammatical characteristics in the text. A lexeme is a collection of word forms with the same lexical meaning.
Word forms are ordered in the language by means of a paradigm - a list of all word forms presented in the form of a scheme. Paradigms are nominal and verbal. The first category includes categoriescompleteness / brevity of form, declension and degrees of comparison of adjectives. Verbal paradigms illustrate how verbs change in mood, number, person, and tense.
Another variety of paradigms - complete and incomplete. In the first case, the word has all possible word forms, such as "house", "field", in the second - not all. Words that are used exclusively in the plural (glasses, holidays) have an incomplete paradigm, since they are devoid of singular case forms. And strictly singular words reduce their paradigm by six plural case forms. A paradigm is called redundant if the number of word forms in it exceeds their number in the complete one. This happens with words that have variant forms: from the verb "splash" you can form two forms in the present tense - "splashes" and "splatters". The redundant paradigm most often arises from the fact that the old form of the word remained in use, while a new invariant was formed.
Another kind of paradigm is the crossover one. It occurs when the forms of the paradigm of one word partially coincide with the same paradigm of another word. It is most common among masculine and neuter adjectives.
Russian lesson
Morphology at school is presented in several stages at various stages of education. The first acquaintance occurs in elementary school, when the significant parts of words and the main parts of speech are studied. Gradually, information is introduced about the paradigms thatare the basis for teaching morphology, specializing in the analysis of various parts of speech.
What is morphology in Russian? Such a scientific formulation of the question is inherent in the course of grades 7-8, when all parts of speech are considered more thoroughly. Students learn the grammatical features of nominal, verbal and further - service parts of speech.
Morphology in the school's Russian language course is one of the most important sections, focusing on itself a large number of academic hours. Since school education is focused on the development of communication skills in children, an understanding of the structure of the native language and its functioning is an important condition for the successful implementation of speech competence.
What is morphology? In Russian, this is the basis on which competent speech and successful communication are built.
