General concept of transgenic plants. Technologies for their production. Advantages and disadvantages. Prospects for the development of the genetic engineering industry
Science 2024, November
It is Carl Linnaeus who is considered the founder of modern taxonomy, because he did the greatest work on establishing the principles of classification of living organisms. These principles are still in use today
Animal species are very diverse in karyotype. Moreover, the number of chromosomes in the nuclei of cells of various animals does not depend on the complexity of the organization of a living being. How many chromosomes do dogs have? Does this number differ from the number of chromosomes of a wolf, a fox?
The genomes of different organisms have different numbers of chromosomes. This applies to both animals and plants. This is due not so much to the different complexity of the organization of living organisms as to the size of the chromosomes and the mass of the DNA molecule, which can carry long sections that do not have genes
In the most generalized sense, an associative series is a set of elements related to each other by some common feature
Without the acidic properties of certain substances, the existence of the world around us is impossible. In this article we will talk about what they are and how they manifest themselves
Nature allows a person to enjoy the benefits that are available in it. At the same time, people are trying to increase these riches, create something new and learn about the unknown. Bacteria are the smallest creatures of nature, which people have also learned to use for their own purposes
Types of proteins in the body. Structure, functions and properties of polypeptide molecules. Denaturation and renaturation of peptides, hydrolysis. Structure of protein molecules
Gauss's theorem is one of the fundamental laws of electrodynamics, structurally included in the system of equations of another great scientist - Maxwell. It expresses the relationship between the intensity flows of both electrostatic and electrodynamic fields passing through a closed surface. The name of Karl Gauss sounds in the scientific world no less loudly than, for example, Archimedes, Newton or Lomonosov
Momentum refers to the fundamental, fundamental laws of nature. It is directly related to the symmetry properties of the space of the physical world in which we all live
Among all cyclic thermodynamic processes, the Carnot cycle has a special theoretical significance and practical application. Often it is called unsurpassed, great, ideal, etc. And for many, it generally seems to be something mysterious and incomprehensible. However, if all the accents are correctly placed, then all the simplicity, genius and beauty of this invention, which was discovered by the French scientist and engineer Sadi Carnot, will instantly open up
The term "real gases" among chemists and physicists is used to call such gases, the properties of which most directly depend on their intermolecular interaction. Although it can be read in any specialized reference book that one mole of these substances under normal conditions and steady state occupies a volume of approximately 22.41108 liters
Life without protein is impossible. The importance of proteins for the body lies in the fact that they serve as a material for building cells, tissues and organs, the formation of enzymes, most hormones, hemoglobin and other substances that perform the most important functions in the body. The role of proteins in the body is also that they are involved in protecting the body from infections, and also promotes the absorption of vitamins and minerals
The number sequence and its limit have been one of the most important problems in mathematics throughout the history of this science. Constantly updated knowledge, formulated new theorems and proofs - all this allows us to consider this concept from new positions and from different angles
Enzymes perform the function of regulating all reactions occurring in the cell. These amazing compounds are capable of accelerating a wide variety of processes. All of them have a protein nature and are divided into groups according to their functions
Groups of roses, their classification and representatives were the subject of study at school. The rose is probably the most divine flower (at least on the territory of our country, and indeed the entire post-Soviet space). This plant is not without reason loved by almost all women
What is radioactive material? What are the natural and man-made sources of radioactive substances? How are they transported? Read in the article
The expression "peaceful atom" was extremely popular in the Soviet era. At that time, this phrase symbolized the triumph of nuclear energy. But does she have a future now? And is the atom really so peaceful?
Igor Kurchatov helped his country to enter the technological era of the last half of the twentieth century, forming a dual direction of development of atomic energy in the Soviet Union. If he had focused only on the creation of weapons, then the peaceful use of nuclear energy (nuclear power plants) might not have appeared soon
This article is devoted to the topic of absorbed radiation dose, ionizing radiation and their types. It contains information about diversity, nature, sources, calculation methods, units of absorbed radiation dose and much more
Pierre Curie (May 15, 1859 – April 19, 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity
Even at the beginning of the 20th century, before the First World War, when time was measured and unhurried, ladies wore corsets, and women who were already married had to observe decency (housekeeping and stay at home), Curie Maria was awarded two Nobel Prizes: in 1908 - in physics, in 1911 - in chemistry
Here the reader will find general information about what heat transfer is, and will also consider in detail the phenomenon of radiant heat transfer, its obedience to certain laws, the features of the process, the formula of heat, the use of heat transfer by man and its course in nature
XRF (X-ray fluorescence analysis) is a physical analysis method that directly determines almost all chemical elements in powder, liquid and solid materials
The works of the scientist concerning the creation of an oil base between the Volga and the Urals are endowed with important theoretical and practical meaning. In the early 20s of the 20th century, Ivan Mikhailovich made a proposal for a mandatory detailed study of the geology of this area
In modern psychology there is a whole section devoted to gender studies. The study of differences between representatives of both sexes, as members of society, should contribute to a better mutual understanding between men and women
Theories of local self-government offer different recipes for the coexistence of municipalities and the state
As the basic principles of ecology, it is most reasonable to choose such rules and laws that will allow structuring the accumulated scientific knowledge, systematizing and generalizing it. This approach will allow us to develop a procedure for human action aimed at implementing the ecological paradigm
Forensic science is the science of technical means, tactics and methods used to perform the actions provided for by the criminal procedure law to detect, collect, fix, research, evaluate and use evidence in order to detect and prevent crimes
The forensic methodology for investigating crimes is a set of scientific concepts and recommendations formulated on their basis for law enforcement officers who carry out the disclosure and suppression of criminally punishable acts of a certain category. Let's consider it in more detail
Special methods of scientific research are a way of knowing the objective reality. This method involves a certain sequence of techniques, actions, operations. Taking into account the content of the objects under consideration, methods of social and humanitarian research and natural science are distinguished
The International Space Station is the result of the joint work of specialists from a number of fields from sixteen countries of the world (Russia, USA, Canada, Japan, states that are members of the European Commonwe alth). The grandiose project, which in 2013 celebrated the fifteenth anniversary of the start of its implementation, embodies all the achievements of the technical thought of our time
Systems thinking is one of the new modern terms used by many managers, psychologists, personal growth coaches and other coaches. Its level illustrates the speed and quality of decision-making, so this indicator is studied at the time of hiring as an important characteristic of a future employee
Acid-base balance plays a huge role in the normal functioning of the human body. The blood circulating in the body is a mixture of living cells that are in a liquid habitat. The first line of protection that controls the level of pH in the blood is the buffer system
All biochemical reactions occurring in the body are subject to specific control, which is carried out through an activating or inhibitory effect on regulatory enzymes. The latter are usually located at the beginning of chains of metabolic transformations and either start a multi-stage process or slow it down. Some single reactions are also subject to regulation. Competitive inhibition is one of the main mechanisms for controlling the catalytic activity of enzymes
There are 2 poles in the eyeball: posterior and anterior. The distance between them averages 24 mm. It is the largest size of the eyeball. The bulk of the latter is the inner core. This is transparent content that is surrounded by three shells. It consists of aqueous humor, lens and vitreous body
Not all people know what chitin is. Few still remember information about this element from biology lessons. Where does it occur in nature? Why is the body needed? The answers to these questions are presented in the article
The article deals with one of the most closed and interesting corners located near the capital of the Russian Federation - Star City
Cell is a structural unit of all life on our planet and an open system. This means that its life requires a constant exchange of matter and energy with the environment. This exchange is carried out through the membrane - the main border of the cell, which is designed to preserve its integrity. It is through the membrane that cellular metabolism is carried out and it goes either along the concentration gradient of a substance, or against it. Active transport across the cytoplasmic membrane is a complex process
The chemical reaction equation is a schematic record of the entire complex process of the formation of new substances through decomposition, combination, substitution and exchange. It also provides qualitative and quantitative information about reactants and reaction products