Science 2024, November

In the northern hemisphere of the night sky, 166 stars can be seen with the naked eye, which organize the constellation Pegasus. Next to him are Aquarius, Dolphin, Andromeda, Chanterelles, Pisces, Lizard, Small Horse and Swan. The area occupied by this cluster of stars is 1120 square degrees

In biological systems, the balance is maintained due to the existence of food chains. Each organism takes its place in them, receiving organic molecules for its growth and reproduction. At the same time, the process of splitting complex substances into elementary ones that can be assimilated by any cell is called dissimilation. In biology, this is the basis for the existence of living organisms, along with assimilation

The body is an amazing collection of organs and tissues that work together to maintain human life. And the main process that supports life is metabolism. As a result of the breakdown of substances, the energy necessary for the flow of basic biological processes is synthesized. However, along with energy, potentially harmful metabolic products are also formed. They must be removed from the cell, interstitial fluid and blood by the kidneys

A cell in biology is a living structure enclosed in a membrane and containing organelles. This is the elementary unit of all living things, combined from organic and inorganic molecules. All organisms except viruses are made up of cells

Protein molecules have a complex structure and consist of amino acids. The latter are the material for the assembly of proteins, which is why any living organism needs their constant replenishment. The main source of amino acids is any dietary protein that must enter the digestive system of the body and break down into elemental components

Biologists call the term "transcription" a special stage of the implementation of hereditary information, the essence of which comes down to reading a gene and building a complementary RNA molecule to it. It is an enzymatic process that involves the work of many enzymes and biological mediators

The structure of the cell remains common to many organisms. This is a cell membrane, cytoplasm with a transport network and organelles. Eukaryotic cells also have a nucleus, while fungi, bacteria, and plants also have a cell wall. It separates the cell from the external environment, while the internal one, where biosynthetic and metabolic processes take place, is protected from adverse conditions

Plasmolysis is an osmotic process in the cells of plants, fungi and bacteria, associated with their dehydration and retreat of the liquid cytoplasm from the inner surface of the cell membrane with the formation of cavities. This is possible due to the presence of a cell wall, which provides a rigid outer framework. Deplasmolysis is the reverse process

White planaria is among the representatives of the animal world with an amazing ability to regenerate. This seemingly primitive flatworm is actually very interesting: if you divide the body into several parts, each of them will be restored to an independent individual, ready for reproduction. We offer you to get acquainted with other interesting facts, as well as find out the structural features of this animal

What is the genetics of modern Russians? Questions about this do not leave the minds of scientists around the world. It is customary to consider Russian Slavs, therefore, first of all, we will consider the genetic characteristics of the Slavs

The population of Belarus today, according to the statistical committee, is almost nine and a half million people. Among the CIS countries, this is the fifth place after the Russian Federation, Ukraine, as well as Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan

The variety of bacterial infections requires a clear identification of the pathogen and the definition of its species. To determine the type of microorganism, microbiologists are helped by its tinctorial properties - the susceptibility of the microbe to staining with various dyes. This method allows you to explore the morphology of the pathogen. The tinctorial properties of bacteria are of great importance for practical and theoretical research in the field of microbiology

Uranus is the coldest planet in the solar system, although not the most distant from the Sun. This giant planet was discovered in the XVIII century. Who discovered it, what are the satellites of Uranus? What is special about this planet?

On closer examination, the structure of the hand, like any other department of our musculoskeletal system, is quite complex. It is made up of three main structures: bones, muscles, and ligaments that hold the bones together

Each cell of a living organism has a complex structure and contains the appropriate structural elements that are responsible for its normal functioning. This article describes the structure of single-membrane organelles, as well as their main functions

Cells of plants and animals contain a number of structures that ensure their vital functions. One of them is vacuoles. Between themselves, they have a number of significant features. From our article you will learn what vacuoles are and why living organisms need them

In the work proposed to you, we propose to consider the functions of lysosomes, their purpose. Among some of the destinations, we will highlight the more significant ones and write about them in more detail

The skeleton, which is the axial organ of the musculoskeletal system, contains different types of bones. They differ in form, structure and function

Polymers are high-molecular compounds, which are characterized by molecular weight from several thousand to many millions. Polymer molecules, called macromolecules, are made up of a large number of repeating units. Due to the large molecular weight of macromolecules, polymers acquire specific properties and are distinguished into a special group of compounds

Graphite is a mineral, a stable crystalline modification of carbon. It retains its original properties under standard conditions. The material is refractory, sufficiently dense and has high electrical conductivity

This article contains a description of such a thing as X-ray diffraction. The physical basis of this phenomenon and its application are explained here

The article describes the essence of genetic drift and its importance for ensuring hereditary diversity in a population. The main regularities of this process and its connection with migration and natural selection are indicated

Classical thermodynamics is based on several postulates (beginnings) that were consistently introduced throughout the 19th century. That is, these provisions are not provable within its framework, they were formulated as a result of generalization of empirical data. The meaning of the second law of thermodynamics is to determine the direction in which processes proceed in macroscopic systems

The Higher School of Economics is a prestigious university, where a huge number of applicants from all over Russia aspire to get into. Its founder, who managed to implement an entirely new type of economic university, was Yaroslav Ivanovich Kuzminov, candidate of economic sciences and well-known public figure

The greatness and diversity of the surrounding world can amaze any imagination. All objects and objects surrounding a person, other people, various types of plants and animals, particles that can only be seen with a microscope, as well as incomprehensible star clusters: they are all united by the concept of "Universe"

How was the largest meteorite on the planet discovered? Weight, dimensions and composition of the Goba meteorite. Riddles of Goba: where is the crater and the uniqueness of the form. Foundation of the tourist center. Meteorite - double record holder

Today we will talk about the essence of such a concept as "ultraviolet catastrophe": why this paradox appeared and are there ways to resolve it

This article explains what Planck's hypothesis is, who created it, and how important it has become for the development of modern science. The significance of the idea of quantization for the entire microworld is also shown

Opium or opium is a drug that is obtained from milky juice. And he, in turn, is extracted from the boxes of sleeping pills (Papaver somniferum), not quite mature. Opium is a substance containing many alkaloids. Among them, only a part of them has a narcotic effect on the human body and animals - the phenanthrene group

Little-known facts from different fields of science open up new knowledge for a person and expand his horizons. Interesting historical facts that few people know about. Scientific research about the features of human psychology. Little-known facts from the world of medicine

If you don't remember what substances are called pure from the natural history course, our article is for you. We will recall the definition of this concept, as well as examples that we encounter in everyday life

Gas is one of the four aggregate states of matter around us. Humanity began to study this state of matter using a scientific approach, starting from the 17th century. In the article below, we will study what an ideal gas is, and which equation describes its behavior under various external conditions

Small plants (especially aquatic ones) need a thin cellulose membrane surrounding the cells to maintain the strength and shape of the body. Large land plants require a more advanced support system, represented by two types of mechanical structures: collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Otherwise, these fabrics are called supporting or reinforcing

Archaeology is a discipline of history that studies the historical past of man on the basis of material evidence found. These include works of art, tools of production and material goods of mankind. Unlike written sources, such sources do not directly tell about the events that took place

"I'll show you Kuzka's mother!" Familiar expression? Did you know that this was the name of the most powerful bomb in the world?

What is the solar system? This is our common home. What does it consist of? How and when was it formed? It is important for everyone to know more about the corner of the Galaxy in which we live

Among the many scientific disciplines, physics is one of the most interesting. Thanks to it, many processes are comprehended, technologies are improved and discoveries are made. In the article we will consider what is the science of physics and its applied part

Ethnic identity is the foundation of any he althy society. Despite the social foundations of race and ethnicity, sociologists recognize that they are extremely important. Race and nationality form the social stratification that underlies individual and group identities, determine patterns of social conflict and the life priorities of entire nations

Genetic divergence is a biological process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species independently accumulate genetic changes (mutations) to produce survivable offspring. In some cases, subpopulations living in ecologically distinct peripheral environments may exhibit genetic differences from the rest of the population, especially where there is a high diversity of species

What is the correct way to get reduced amines? Here is a more versatile method for making amines that does not result in excessive alkylation. This method is quite simple and transparent even for beginners in chemistry. Just a few simple reactions. However, you will need some reagents that are hard to find commercially