In 1924, the young French theoretical physicist Louis de Broglie introduced the concept of matter waves into scientific circulation. This bold theoretical assumption extended the property of wave-particle duality (duality) to all manifestations of matter - not only to radiation, but also to any particles of matter. And although modern quantum theory understands the “wave of matter” differently than the author of the hypothesis, this physical phenomenon associated with real particles bears his name
Science 2024, November
The planet Saturn is one of the gas giants of the solar system. It is the second largest after Jupiter, has a huge mass and a dense layer of rings that surround it. Saturn's atmosphere is a phenomenon that has been the subject of controversy among scientists for many years. But today it has been reliably established that it is gases that form the basis of the entire air body, which does not have a solid surface
The nephron is not only the main structural but also the functional unit of the kidney. It is here that the most important stages of urine formation take place. Therefore, information about what the structure of the nephron looks like, as well as what functions it performs, will be very interesting
The constellation Sail is located in the southern hemisphere of our sky. Although part of it can be observed in Russia. Its area is more than 500 square meters. This means that the constellation Sail is the thirty-second largest star cluster in the list. It has 195 stars visible from our planet with the naked eye
Aliphatic amino acids - derivatives of carboxylic acids - are widely distributed in nature. They play an important role in many vital processes. Based on them, some types of medicines are made
Surely everyone has seen how in the cinema or the circus people hold a flame on their hand, or even juggle or throw it. And if special effects in a film can be created using computer graphics, then in a circus it looks like a real miracle. In fact, this phenomenon has a completely scientific explanation and is called “cold fire” by chemists
What is the pressure of a gas, liquid and solid. Is there pressure in a vacuum. Clear explanations within the framework of the school physics course
In molecular biology, hybridization is a phenomenon in which single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules are annealed to complementary DNA or RNA. One of the most advanced hybridization techniques is FISH
Virulence is a term for the degree of pathogenicity of a microbe. There are several types of pathogens that cause diseases ranging from the common cold to cancer. Virulence factors contribute to pathogenicity, that is, help to cause disease
What can be said about the main feature of a command economy? How is it expressed? What is its essence?
Any form of living matter is prone to change, and they can occur both in a positive direction and in a negative one. In the second case, such a process is called regression or degradation, and it is characterized by a gradual deterioration in the state of a certain object or phenomenon
The ideas of this scientist were very bold for their time. The world of Copernicus radically differed from the generally accepted views of his predecessors and contemporaries. Nicholas rejected the geocentric system of the world, which was created by Ptolemy. At the time, this was a bold move, as this model was rarely questioned. She was supported by the very influential Catholic Church at that time
Acetylene is in high demand in industry. It finds application in the process of obtaining products of organic synthesis. These are synthetic rubber, plastics, solvents, acetic acid, etc
The Eagle constellation is located in the equatorial region. It is one of the 48 constellations documented by Ptolemy, a Greek astronomer, in the 2nd century. The Romans called it the "Flying Vulture"
Nucleotides are monomeric units that form more complex compounds - nucleic acids, without which the transfer of genetic information, its storage and reproduction is impossible. Free nucleotides are the main components involved in signaling and energy processes that support the normal functioning of cells and the body as a whole
"Whether there is life on Mars or not, science still does not know" - this common aphorism comes from a good old Soviet movie, it seems that it is no longer relevant. Recent studies of the Red Planet have clarified the situation
What is iron, where does it come from and how is it mined? This useful metal has many applications. The chemical element plays an important role in world industry, and the iron cycle in nature is important in the life of the planet
Constellation Triangulum is a small constellation located in the northern hemisphere of the sky. Contains a total of 25 stars that can be observed with the naked eye, with a small area of only about 131.8 square degrees
The article describes the basic principles of plant and animal breeding, as well as microorganisms that are necessary for human life
The article describes the life, work and scientific achievements of the famous philosopher and mathematician Rene Descartes
The article fully describes the life, achievements and great discoveries of a man of genius, naturalist Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky
Bacteria started life on our planet. Scientists believe that everything will end with them. There is a joke that when aliens studied the Earth, they could not understand who its real owner is - a man or a bacillus
The phenomenon of electronic voice seems to many to be a mysterious message from the other world. But is it really so. Maybe it's all about a sincere desire to believe that life does not end with death? You will find the answer in this article
What is sex-linked inheritance? Why can only men or only women be carriers of some traits? You will find the answers to these questions by reading this article
Class Flagellates: general characteristics, structural features of the body and the presence of organelles that perform certain functions. Classification of this group of living organisms. Nutrition and reproduction. The role of flagellates in nature and human life
Everyone has had memorable events in their lives: joyful and sad, long-awaited and unexpected, memorable and ordinary, public and private. What significance do they have for us? What is their role in our life? The word "event" comes from the Old Slavonic "sbytisya", which appeared in Russian in the 11th century. Its meaning, obviously, is the fulfillment, the realization
Amplitude modulation was the first way communications engineers learned to transmit speech and music programs over the air
The above material outlines the main moments of the life of the second cosmonaut in the history of the USSR and all mankind
In installations and devices that create alternating current, reactive energy is used in the mains, which creates a magnetic field of the electric field. Active and reactive energy are different in that the latter is the remainder of the energy that is not used in useful work
Since ancient times in Russia, in order to characterize a hero or just a large man, they said: "A slanting sazhen in the shoulders." What is this - a sazhen? Is this an accurate definition of chest width or artistic hyperbole? Let's figure it out. After all, the usual for us meter, centimeter (and at the same time kilogram and liter) as measures were taken relatively recently
What is social science. The concept and essence of social science as a science. The role of social science in human life
Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev: a brief biography, a description of his activities and achievements in the field of electronic computing technologies. Awards received during his lifetime and posthumously. Personal life and family of a scientist. Memory of S. A. Lebedev
The world that surrounds us is in constant motion. Nevertheless, there are systems that can be in a relative state of rest and equilibrium. One of them is the lever. In this article, we will consider what it is from the point of view of physics, and also solve a couple of problems on the equilibrium condition of the lever
Polyacrylic acid: description of the substance, its physical and chemical properties, chemical and structural formulas. Methods for obtaining a polymer. The use of polyacrylic acid and its s alts in industry, medicine and agriculture. Properties of polyacrylates
The universe is not static. This was confirmed by the studies of astronomer Edwin Hubble back in 1929, that is, almost 90 years ago. He was led to this idea by observations of the movement of galaxies. Another discovery of astrophysicists at the end of the twentieth century was the calculation of the expansion of the Universe with acceleration
Alcohol and alcohol are quite tightly integrated into our daily lives. This article will give basic guidelines on how to distinguish methyl from ethyl alcohol. Their characteristics and chemical formulas will also be indicated
The concept of "intelligence quotient" was introduced by the German psychologist William Stern. He used IQ as an acronym for the term Intelligenz-Quotient - intelligence quotient. IQ was a score obtained from a series of standardized tests conducted under the guidance of a psychologist in order to determine the level of intelligence
This article focuses on different types of worms, in particular flatworms, roundworms, and annelids. A special place will be allocated to flatworms. Their various bodies and their activities will be reviewed. For example, we will analyze how flatworms breathe, study the structure of the excretory and reproductive systems, etc. And some of their representatives will also be considered
Without knowing the past, there is no way to the future. A well-known and common term that is used in modern literature - genealogy - is the compilation of a family tree and the search for one's ancestors. In fact, everything is not so simple. Genealogy is a doctrine with its own laws and postulates, which are quite difficult for the consciousness of the layman
Familiarization with the information contained in this article will allow the reader to learn about one of the methods of cell division - amitosis. We will find out the features of the course of this process, consider the differences from other types of division and much more