From the period of antiquity to the middle of the 18th century, science was dominated by the idea that an atom is a particle of matter that cannot be divided
Science 2024, November
Microscopic research methods are methods of studying a variety of objects using special equipment. It allows us to consider the structure of substances and organisms, the magnitude of which is beyond the limits of the resolution of the human eye
Let's reveal the relationship between the nature of the oxide and its chemical properties. Let us determine the relationship between the degree of oxidation and the nature of the oxide
Primitive people. What were they like? What did they look like and what did they do? Scientists are sure that they have found exhaustive answers to these questions, but is it so? .. In this article, we will also find out where wild people live today
The era of great geographical discoveries has become a truly turning point for European and world history. It conceals both many majestic deeds and some historical incidents, one of which will be discussed below
One of the most typical well-known representatives of the ciliary is the ciliate shoe. It lives, as a rule, in water of a standing direction, as well as in freshwater-type reservoirs, where the current is distinguished by the exception of assertiveness. Its habitat must necessarily contain decaying organic matter
The density of the human body is an important characteristic of the he alth of the body, so it is useful to know how to calculate it. Moreover, this value is of fundamental importance in some sports. Let's take a closer look at this issue in this article
Africa has always attracted Europeans, but it has not been easy to explore it. The path of explorers and geographers is interesting as an important part of world history
The moon is our natural satellite, it is always turned to its planet, to the Earth, on one side. What does it mean? Does the moon rotate on its axis, or does it float motionless in outer space?
More than 50 years have passed since the first space flight of Yuri Gagarin. Man has learned to work and live on small and large orbital stations, to land on the moon. However, if he wants to study the solar system more thoroughly and decide on interstellar expeditions, the spacecraft of the future will have to be much more advanced than the current "taxi" plying between Earth and orbit. On the way to the creation of spacecraft, many serious and complex problems have to be overcome
Our article will be devoted to the study of the properties of substances that are the basis of the phenomenon of life on Earth. Protein molecules are present in non-cellular forms - viruses, are part of the cytoplasm and organelles of prokaryotic and nuclear cells. Along with nucleic acids, they form the substance of heredity - chromatin and form the main components of the nucleus - chromosomes
One of the best known and best studied of the paleontological evidence for evolution is the phylogenetic series of modern ungulates. Multiple paleontological finds and identified transitional forms create a scientific evidence base for this series. Described by the Russian biologist Vladimir Onufrievich Kovalevsky back in 1873, the phylogenetic series of the horse remains an “icon” of evolutionary paleontology today
How do conditioned reflexes arise? What are the characteristics of their education? Why do we need them?
Parasitism is one of the main types of coexistence of organisms. Unlike the others, it is characterized by the fact that two or more living beings that do not have a genetic connection between themselves and in general are heterogeneous, live together for a long time, but at the same time remain antagonists
Such concepts as "irritation" and consonant with it "irritability" are well known to every person. Which is not surprising. Irritants surround us always, everywhere. Some of them affect the physiological level. Others have psychological significance, people know more about them. Well, it does not hurt to pay attention to the topic of physiological irritation. And finally, let's talk a little about the psychological aspect. Since both topics are equally important
Nature has created many organisms and cells, but despite this, the structure and most of the functions of biological membranes are the same, which allows us to consider their structure and study their key properties without being tied to a particular type of cell
"The state is me!" - said the famous French king. The state must have a territory and laws, a population and a government. Which items are required and which ones can you do without? Which states are small and which are special?
Grouping and grouping characteristics in statistics are the most important methods for assessing and studying a certain phenomenon that has become the focus of attention of specialists. Grouping helps to identify indicators common to all elements, as well as to determine the structure of the population, to identify the mutual relationships inherent in the elements of the group
Various automatic devices occupy such a strong place in human life that it is almost impossible to imagine modern civilization without them. However, the history of robotics is very long, people have been learning how to create various machines for almost their entire history
Propylene oxide: general information, empirical formula, chemical and physical properties, impact on living organisms. Methods of obtaining and their brief description. Application in various industries. Russian producers of propylene oxide
Optics is one of the oldest branches of physics. Since ancient Greece, many philosophers have been interested in the laws of motion and propagation of light in various transparent materials such as water, glass, diamond and air. This article discusses the phenomenon of light refraction, focuses on the refractive index of air
The process of mitosis is an important mechanism of eukaryotic cell division, which takes place in the appropriate phases. This article describes the phases of mitosis, and also indicates the biological significance of mitotic cell division
What are natural complexes? This is a geographical concept that refers to a number of interconnected components of nature. They can cover both vast territories and completely small areas of the Earth. What natural complexes are there? What is the difference? What are they characterized by? Let's find it out
As you know, chemistry studies the structure and properties of substances, as well as their mutual transformations. An important place in the characterization of chemical compounds is occupied by the question of what kind of particles they consist of. It can be atoms, ions or molecules. In solids, they enter the nodes of crystal lattices. The molecular structure has a relatively small number of compounds that are in the solid, liquid and gaseous state
Lead shine: description of the mineral, chemical composition and properties. Physical characteristics. The origin of the mineral and its largest deposits in Russia and in the world. Methods of artificial production. Application of lead gloss
Azimuthal projection is one of the main projections used in cartography. It is used both for creating maps of individual countries and continents, and for mapping entire hemispheres
Coordinate system -- a set of numeric or alphabetic values that allow you to accurately and unambiguously determine the location of a point on the surface of the globe. In geodesy, a large number of coordinate systems are used, some of which are basic
Theodolite is a geodetic device for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. There are many theodolites with different types of devices
What is the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. What is the biochemistry of the process, the composition of enzymes and coenzymes, the role and significance in nature and human life, the structure and presence in the genes, the possible consequences of a violation of the functional purpose of the complex and the time of their manifestation? All this will be covered in this article
Throughout history, humanity has been trying to unlock the secrets of nature. And, indeed, in many areas, scientists have achieved tremendous success. Medicines were invented, natural phenomena were scientifically explained, and the most interesting discoveries were made, one of which was substances that stimulate action - pheromones. Let's talk more about this scientific achievement
The uncertainty principle is one of the key concepts in quantum mechanics. Its essence and prehistory of the discovery are the subject of the material
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, whose discoveries have made a significant contribution to the development of science, and whose biography is of interest not only in terms of his achievements, is a great scientist, a world-famous Soviet researcher, the founder of cosmonautics and a promoter of space exploration. Known as the developer of a rocket model capable of conquering outer space
Alfred Bernhard Nobel was a Swedish chemist, engineer and industrialist who invented dynamite and more powerful explosives and founded the Nobel Prize
Absorption and further re-emission of light by inorganic and organic media is the result of phosphorescence or fluorescence. The difference between the phenomena is the length of the interval between light absorption and emission of the stream. During fluorescence, these processes occur almost simultaneously
Until the 19th century, the concept of "biology" did not exist, and those who studied nature were called natural scientists, naturalists. Now these scientists are called the founders of the biological sciences
The formula of graphite, far from being the most expensive mineral, is the same as the formula of the most expensive mineral in the world. In this article we will talk about how this can be, about all the differences between diamond and graphite
Amoeba is a representative of unicellular animals that can actively move with the help of special specialized organelles. The structural features and significance of these organisms in nature will be revealed in our article
Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun. In some places, its orbit intersects with the orbit of Pluto. What planet is Neptune? She belongs to the category of giants. Astrological sign - J
Man knows more than 300 thousand plant species. Some of them grow in unsuitable conditions. One of these plants are ephemeroids. To survive in a difficult environment, they had to go to the "tricks" and develop special adaptations. What are ephemeroids? You will find the definition and examples in our article
Volt-ampere characteristic, what is it and why is it needed. The page provides a brief excursion into electronics and provides the minimum necessary information for mastering the concept in question