The government of each country, in order to preserve its integrity and control relative security, sooner or later faces the need to create its own intelligence and counterintelligence. And although films and television present these organizations to us in a romanticized form, in fact their work is not so noticeable and more prosaic
History 2024, November
Aleksey Fedorov is one of the most famous partisans of the Great Patriotic War. His exploits are still remembered by the descendants of the winners. Thanks to personal courage, heroism and ingenuity, he immortalized himself, forever writing his name in history
What duties did a peasant have to observe in order for his feudal lord to provide land for living and sowing the field, and also to protect against attacks by enemies
The famous Peace of Augsburg was signed after the spread of the new Christian doctrine began in Europe. The system, established in 1555, lasted 60 years, until the start of the Thirty Years' War
The article is devoted to the description of Robespierre's path to power, as well as the history of his political collapse, which ended with the guillotine. When did Robespierre's execution take place? The date will also become known to you in the process of reading the article
During the period of feudal fragmentation of the XII-XV centuries in Russia there were state formations - ancient Russian principalities. In the 10th century, a practice arose that became the norm in the next century - the distribution of land by the great Russian princes to their sons and relatives, which by the 12th century led to the actual collapse of the Old Russian state
De-Stalinization is the process of eliminating the ideological and political system that was created during the reign of IV Stalin, including the personality cult of the great leader. This term has been used in Western literature since the 1960s. In today's article, we will look at the process of de-Stalinization (as it was conceived and carried out by Khrushchev), as well as its consequences. And in conclusion, we will discuss a new round of this policy in Ukraine and Russia
Hohenzollerns (Hohenzollerns) (German: Hohenzollern) - German dynasty of Swabian origin, the dynasty of Electors of Brandenburg, then the kings of Prussia. In the period from 1871 to 1918, the Prussian kings from the Hohenzollern dynasty were at the same time the Kaisers of Germany. The Catholic branch of the Hohenzollerns, the Hohenzollerns-Sigmaringens, ruled 1866-1947 in Romania
Otto Bismarck is one of the most famous politicians of the 19th century. He had a significant impact on political life in Europe, developed a security system. He played a key role in the unification of the German peoples into a single national state. He was awarded many prizes and titles. Subsequently, historians and politicians will evaluate the Second Reich in different ways, which was created by Otto von Bismarck
Georgy Gapon is a priest, politician, organizer of the procession, which ended with the mass executions of workers, which went down in history under the name "Bloody Sunday". It is impossible to say unequivocally who this person really was - a provocateur, a double agent or a sincere revolutionary. There are many contradictory facts in the biography of the priest Gapon
Humanity is many thousands of years old. All this time, our ancestors accumulated practical knowledge and experience, created household items and masterpieces of art
The article highlights the main points of the prehistory of Operation Overlord, as well as its direct content
The article tells about the development of Siberia - a huge territory located behind the Ural Mountains and stretching all the way to the Pacific Ocean. A brief description of the main points of this historical process is given
The conquest of Siberia is one of the most important processes in the formation of Russian statehood. The development of the eastern lands took more than 400 years. Throughout this period, there were many battles, foreign expansions, conspiracies, intrigues
The article tells about the founder of the Siberian Khanate - a direct descendant of Genghis Khan Khan Kuchum - and his attempts to withdraw the state he created from the protectorate of Russian tsars. A brief outline of his life and work is given
Vadim the Brave lived in the 9th century, he is also known as Vadim Khorobry or Vadim Novgorodsky. This prince became famous for having raised an uprising against Rurik, leading the Novgorodians in 864. We will tell about these events, about the role of Vadim and Rurik in them in this article
Great campaigns refer to well-known historical events that accompanied the military actions of the rulers of different countries and aimed at conquering lands in Europe, Asia and other regions. In all eras, mankind has been engaged in the redistribution and capture of new territories: neighboring villages, cities and countries. And even in the 21st century, this topic is popular, but now among readers who are fond of fantasy style. An example would be the book written by R. A. Mikhailov, "The Great Campaign" (2017)
F. F. Ushakov is an admiral, one of those whose name is associated with the formation of the Russian fleet. He played the same role in the development of the country's naval forces that Suvorov played for the ground forces
Kamikaze is a term that became widely known during the Second World War. This word denoted Japanese suicide pilots who attacked enemy aircraft and ships and destroyed them by ramming
People have long dreamed of rising into the sky and soaring in it like birds. The daredevils made wings to fly, built huge kites. They went up in hot air balloons and flew gliders. But the man's dream of controlled flight could only be realized at the beginning of the 20th century by the Wright brothers
Ask any schoolchild about who was the first to circumnavigate the world, and you will hear: "Of course, Magellan." And few people doubt these words. But after all, Magellan organized this expedition, led it, but could not complete the voyage. So who was the first navigator to circumnavigate the world?
Where did this inappropriate name come from for an ocean famous for its storms, tropical cyclones - typhoons, giant waves? And its coast is by no means calm, here is the famous "ring of fire" of hundreds of active and extinct volcanoes. Whoever Called the Pacific Ocean Pacific Was Wrong
Vikings are participants in sea voyages from Scandinavia. Most scientists believe that it was the Vikings in Russia who were called the Varangians, and in Western Europe - the Normans. They became famous in history as fearless sailors, discoverers of many lands. They are also spoken of as cruel conquerors and pirates. At the same time, the Vikings were also experienced traders
The Pacific Ocean is the largest on Earth, it occupies a third of the surface area of our planet. Its size is larger than all the land - the continents and islands combined. No wonder it is often called the Great Ocean. It seems strange that it was discovered only in the 16th century, and until then its existence was not even suspected
Living organisms inhabit the entire water column of the World Ocean (MO). Scientists came to this conclusion back in the last century, and modern deep-sea technology confirms the existence of fish, crabs, crayfish, worms at a depth of up to 11,000 m
In modern Germany, there is a special sign of historical distinction, evidence that the seven cities of this state are the keepers of the traditions of a rare long-term, voluntary and mutually beneficial coalition in history. This sign is the Latin letter H. It means that the cities in which car numbers begin with this letter were part of the Hanseatic League
May 9, 1945 - this date is familiar to every inhabitant of modern Russia and the post-Soviet space as the day of the Great Victory over fascism. Unfortunately, historical facts are not always unambiguous, which is what allows some Western European historians to distort events
Ushakov, Nakhimov are the first naval commanders whose names our country can be proud of. In the USSR, Admiral Kuznetsov became the successor of their victories, his life was inextricably linked with the naval forces. New sea vessels under the command of young naval commanders will conquer the vastness of the ocean and show the world the power of Russian weapons, but you should not forget about the people who wrote the first pages of this book
The expanses of our country, its we alth has invariably attracted many conquerors who sought to wipe Russia as a state from the face of the earth. From the beginning of the existence of ancient settlements to the present day, the threat of invasion of our territory is constantly present. But the Russian land has defenders, the history of the armed forces of our country begins with epic heroes and princely squads. Russian imperial army, red army of the USSR, modern armed forces of the Russian Federation
The strength and courage of the Soviet people won the most terrible war of the last century. Their feat was everyday on the front line, in the rear, in the field, in partisan forests. The pages of the history of the Great Patriotic War are being erased from the memory of people, this is facilitated by peacetime and the gradual departure of that heroic generation. The blockade of Leningrad, the battle for Moscow, Stalingrad, the Kursk Bulge, the liberation of Voronezh and every battle of that war that helped win back an inch of native land at the cost of his own life
The great feat of the Soviet people during World War II should not be forgotten by posterity. Millions of soldiers and civilians brought the long-awaited victory closer at the cost of their lives, men, women and children became a single weapon that was directed against fascism. The centers of partisan resistance, factories, factories, collective farms operated in the territories occupied by the enemy, the Germans failed to break the spirit of the defenders. A striking example of resilience was the hero city of Leningrad
For Russia at the end of the 11th and the first quarter of the 12th century, the appearance of such a ruler as Vladimir Monomakh was a salvation in many areas: culture, foreign and domestic policy, and literature. According to the descriptions of eyewitnesses, he was not only a wise statesman, but also a very kind person, although many of his actions are interpreted differently
CIS is an international association whose tasks were to regulate cooperation between the republics that made up the Soviet Union
The history of Tbilisi entirely consists of events that took place on its territory for 15 centuries. Every street in Tbilisi keeps the memory of these events, unlike many cities where their rich history is not reflected. So let's learn more about the colorful capital of Georgia
The Khmer Rouge was a communist movement that ruled Cambodia from 1975-1979. Supporters of Pol Pot staged a genocide in their country that caused the death of hundreds of thousands of people
The Friedrichsham Peace Treaty is an agreement between Russia and Sweden to end the war of 1808-1809, which retained the right for Russia to include Finland in the empire and guaranteed the signing of an agreement by Finland and Sweden with France to include them in the continental blockade
Russia, whose third capital is Kazan, can be proud of the fact that there are such majestic cities in its vastness. Moscow and St. Petersburg are business cards, the face of the country, so to speak. But the capital of Tatarstan is its soul
The infamous Kommunarka test site became the site of the deaths of many disgraced Soviet scientists. One of them was the economist Nikolai Dmitrievich Kondratiev. In the first years of the existence of the USSR, he led the agrarian planning of the country. The main part of Kondratiev's theoretical heritage was the book "Large cycles of conjuncture". The scientist also substantiated the NEP policy, which made it possible to restore the Soviet economy after the devastating Civil War
After the collapse of the Romanov Empire, the formation of a new state form on the ruins of the empire was very difficult. It took 5 years to form a stable state
For more than one century, the personality of Napoleon Bonaparte and everything connected with him has been of great interest to both lovers of world history and a huge number of people who are far from this science. According to statistics, much more literary works are devoted to this commander and politician than to any other person