A need is a certain need of an acting subject in the totality of the surrounding circumstances of his existence, attachment to external conditions, coming from his personal nature. This essential link in the system of relations with other people is the cause of human life. Needs extend to the entire sphere of social, material and organic life, indicating the close relationship between these concepts.
Manifestation of need
The need is manifested in the selective attitude of the individual to the existing conditions of the outside world and is a dynamic and cyclic value. Primary needs refer to biological needs, in addition, a person feels the need to stay in society. The peculiarity of the need is such that it is an internal motivation and incentive for activity, but at the same time work becomes a necessity.
At the same time, doing something creates new needs, as certain funds and costs are needed to bring the plan to life.
Needs in society
A society that does not developand do not reproduce human needs, is doomed to degradation. The needs of people in different eras correspond to the spirit of entrepreneurship and development, reflect discontent and despair, express collectivism, a common faith in future affairs, generalize the aspirations of people, claims that need periodic satisfaction. The ratio of primary and secondary needs is formed not only in terms of social status, but under the influence of the accepted way of life, the level of spiritual development, the diversity of social and psychological groups in society.
Without meeting urgent needs, society cannot exist, engage in the reproduction of social values at the level of historical and cultural standards. Urgent needs for movement, communication, possession of information require society to develop transport, means of communication, and educational institutions. People care about meeting primary and secondary needs.
Types of needs
Human needs are so diverse that they need to be classified according to several criteria in order to summarize them into different categories:
- separate primary and secondary needs by importance;
- according to the grouping of subjects, there are collective, individual, public and group;
- by choice of direction they are divided into ethical, material, aesthetic and spiritual;
- where possible, there are ideal and real needs;
- by areas of activity highlight desirework, physical recreation, communication and economic directions;
- according to the way needs are met, they are divided into economic, requiring limited material resources for production, and non-economic (need for air, sun, water).
Basic Needs
This category includes innate physiological needs, without which a person cannot exist physically. These include the desire to eat and drink, the need to breathe clean air, regular sleep, satisfaction of sexual desires.
Primary needs exist at the genetic level, and secondary needs arise with an increase in life experience
Secondary Needs
Have a psychological nature, they include the desire to be a successful, respected member of society, the emergence of attachments. Primary and secondary needs differ in that the dissatisfaction of the desires of the second category will not lead the individual to physical death. Secondary aspirations are divided into ideal, social and spiritual.
Social Needs
In this category of desires, the need to communicate with other individuals, to prove oneself in social activities, to receive general recognition prevails. This includes the desire to belong to a certain circle or social group, to occupy not the last place in it. These desires develop in a person in connection with his own subjective ideas about the structure of this stratum of society.
Ideal Needs
This group includesthe desire to develop independently, manifested in the desire to receive new information, explore it and navigate the society. The need to study the surrounding reality leads to an awareness of the place in the modern world, knowledge of the meaning of life, leads to an understanding of one's purpose and existence. Intertwined with ideal primary needs and spiritual desires, which represent the desire for creative activity and awareness of the beautiful.
Spiritual aspirations
Spiritual interests develop in a person in connection with the desire to enrich life experience, expand horizons, develop creative abilities.
The growth of personal potential makes an individual not only interested in the culture of mankind, but also take care of presenting the values of their own civilization. Spiritual aspirations imply an increase in psychological stress during emotional experiences, awareness of the value of the chosen ideological goal.
A person with spiritual interests improves his skills, strives for high results in the field of activity and creativity. The individual treats work not only as a means of enrichment, but learns his own personality through work. Spiritual, biological and social needs are closely intertwined. Unlike the animal world, in human society the primary need for biological existence is, but it gradually turns into a social one.
The nature of the human personality is multifaceted, hence thevariety of needs. The manifestation of aspirations in various social and natural conditions makes it difficult to classify and divide them into groups. Many researchers offer various distinctions, focusing on motivation.
Classification of needs of a different order
Primary human needs are divided into:
- physiological, which consist in the existence and reproduction of offspring, food, breath, shelter, sleep and other needs of the body;
- existential needs, which are the desire to ensure the comfort and security of living, work to obtain benefits, confidence in later life.
Secondary needs acquired during the course of life are divided into:
- social aspirations to get connections in society, to have friendly and personal affections, to take care of relatives, to achieve attention, to participate in joint projects and activities;
- prestigious desires (to respect oneself, to be recognized by others, to achieve success, high awards, move up the career ladder);
- spiritual - the need to express yourself, realize your creative potential.
Classification of desires according to A. Maslow
If you find out that a person has a need for shelter, food and a he althy lifestyle, then you will determine the primary need. Necessity makes an individual strive to obtain essential benefits or change an undesirable situation (disrespect, shame, loneliness, danger). The need is expressed in motivation, which, depending on the level of development of the individual, takes on a specific and definite form.
Primary needs include physiological needs, such as procreation, the desire to drink water, breathe, etc. A person wants to protect himself and his loved ones from enemies, help them in the treatment of diseases, protect them from poverty. The desire to get into a certain social group forwards the researcher to another category - social needs. In addition to these aspirations, the individual has a desire to be liked by others and requires respect for himself.
Human needs are constantly changing, in the process of human evolution, motivation is gradually being revised. E. Engel's law states that the demand for low-quality food products decreases as incomes rise. At the same time, the demand for food products is increasing, which require higher quality while improving the standard of human life.
Motive of behavior
The existence of needs is judged by the deeds of a person and his behavior. Needs and aspirations are attributed to such a value that cannot be directly measured and observed. Psychological researchers have determined that certain needs motivate an individual to act. The feeling of need causes a person to act to meet the need.
Motivation is defined as the lack of something that turns into a certain direction of action, and the person concentrates onachieving a result. The result in its final manifestation means the means to satisfy the desire. If you achieve a certain goal, then this may mean complete satisfaction, partial or incomplete. Then determine the ratio of primary and secondary needs and try to change the direction of the search, while leaving the motivation the same.
The amount of satisfaction received as a result of the activity leaves a mark in the memory and determines the behavior of the individual in the future in similar circumstances. A person repeats those actions that caused the satisfaction of primary needs, and does not perform actions leading to failure to fulfill his plan. This law is called the law of result.
Managers in today's society model situations that allow people to feel satisfied through behavior that benefits them. For example, a person in the process of production activity must represent the completion of work in the form of a meaningful result. If the technological process is built in such a way that the individual does not see the final result of the work, this will lead to the disappearance of interest in activities, violation of discipline and absenteeism. This rule requires the administration to develop the manufacturing sector in such a way that technology does not conflict with human needs.
Interests
The interests of a person can manifest themselves as direct and indirect. For example, the interest shown by each student in certain aspects of their thesis,calculations, drawings is indirect. Whereas the protection of a fully completed work can be considered a direct interest. In addition, interests are negative and positive.
Conclusion
Some people have few interests, their range is limited only by material needs, so the characteristics of a person are determined by the desires of a person and the degree of his development. The interests of a banker may not coincide at all with the aspirations of, for example, an artist, writer, peasant and other people. How many people in the world, so many different needs, needs, aspirations and desires arise in them.
