Science 2025, January

Biological evolution is the historical development of organisms based on the unique processes of the functioning of genetic information in certain environmental conditions. Our article discusses the main directions of biological progress. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

Breeding is one of the most modern and promising sciences. Thanks to its achievements, new types of living organisms have already been created, which have brought many benefits to mankind. The subject of study, tasks and main areas of selection will be discussed in our article. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

Evolution is a natural process, without which neither adaptation of species to new conditions, nor speciation is possible. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

Anatomical formations, which will be discussed in this paper, are part of two systems of the human body: respiratory and digestive. Outwardly resembling holes or cells, they have a completely different histological structure and perform dissimilar functions. In the process of embryogenesis, they develop from two germ layers - endoderm and mesoderm. These are human alveoli. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

Since the discovery of such a phenomenon as horizontal gene transfer, namely not from parents to offspring, the entire living world on our planet has been represented as a single information system. And in this system it becomes possible to borrow a successful evolutionary invention of one species by another. What is vertical and horizontal gene transfer, what are the mechanisms of this process and examples in the organic world - this article is about all this. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

The development of microbiology has brought many discoveries in recent decades. And one of them is the peculiarities of the movement of flagellated bacteria. The design of the engines of these ancient organisms turned out to be very complex and, according to the principle of their work, is very different from the flagella of our closest eukaryotic relatives of the protozoa. The most heated debate between creationists and evolutionists flared up around the engine of a flagellated bacterium. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

Our world today is concerned about environmental pollution. And this is understandable - the composition of the air we breathe and the food we eat have long ceased to be environmentally friendly. Since the first test of nuclear weapons (1945), our planet has been contaminated with various radionuclides with anthropogenic properties. And one of them is cesium 137. Its half-life is huge, and the impact on the human body is diverse. We will talk about this and much more in this article. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

Thousands of populations of flora and fauna live and grow in different territories, in certain habitats. What determines and how the growth in the number of populations is determined, we will try to figure it out. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

Did you know that how many species of dinosaurs there were in the world, so many teeth? Predators had one number and type of teeth, and herbivores had a completely different one. For example, hadrosaurs could boast of their number of almost 1000 pieces. Let's touch on ancient history and calculate how many teeth animals that died out millions of years ago had under the general name of dinosaurs. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

The Mesozoic era, known as the era of dinosaurs, is the time of the emergence of modern continents, the formation of climatic zones and the beginning of the formation of the biosphere of the modern world. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

Learning universal actions are skills and abilities that almost every person has. After all, they imply the ability to learn, absorb social experience and improve. Everyone has the makings of them. Only some of them are fully implemented and developed, while others are not. However, this can be discussed in more detail. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

Constructive activity - an activity related to modeling. This activity models the environment in general terms. It is this focus that distinguishes design from other activities. Constructive activity leaves its mark on the development of the child during preschool age. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

The modern educational process successfully combines problematic and reproductive teaching methods. The latter involve obtaining information reported by the teacher or contained in the textbook, and memorizing them. This cannot be done without the use of verbal, practical, visual approaches, which act as a kind of material base for reproductive, explanatory and illustrative methods. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

The term "temperature of light" means, of course, not the real temperature, but the color of light, or otherwise - the color gamut of light, the predominance of red or blue spectra in it. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

Great Russian chemists made many important discoveries. In this article we will talk about the life and scientific work of Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov and Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

Russian chemists have always stood out among others, because many of the most important discoveries belong to them. In chemistry lessons, students are told about the most prominent scientists in this field. But knowledge about the discoveries of our compatriots should be especially vivid. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

What are biological catalysts? What are the enzymes? What is the difference from inorganic catalysts? Characteristics, meaning and examples of enzymes. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

Exogenous geological processes are external processes that affect the relief of the Earth. Experts divide them into several types. Exogenous processes are closely intertwined with endogenous (internal). Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

The process of large-scale emigration from the country of creative people and intelligentsia is called "brain drain". The term appeared in the last century in the post-war period, was introduced by the Royal Scientific Society of London, concerned about the resettlement of domestic leading engineers and scientists from Great Britain to America. In the USSR, in the scientific literature, this term began to be used in the 60s of the XX century. Although the problem of brain drain from Russia has been relevant throughout the last century. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

The science of thermodynamics is based on three main principles. The last of them exists in a formulation that has received the name "Planck's postulate". This law is named after the scientist who deduced and formulated it. This is Max Planck - a bright representative of the scientific world of Germany, a theoretical physicist of the last century. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

All living beings on Earth do not notice the pressure exerted on them by the grandiose air shell of our planet. The reason is that they are accustomed from birth to exposure to the atmosphere. But what is this pressure? And how much is one atmosphere in Pascals? Scientists managed to express air pressure in numbers back in the 17th century. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

The buttercup family includes many plants that are diverse in appearance and structure, distributed mainly in countries with a cold and temperate climate. They are also found in high mountain pastures. The ranunculus family, the general characteristics and description of the representatives of which are presented below, includes both poisonous plants, as well as medicinal and ornamental ones. Some species are listed in the Red Book. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

At the word "Infinity" each person has his own associations. Many draw in their imagination the sea, while others have a picture of the starry sky in front of their eyes. Mathematicians, accustomed to operating with numbers, imagine the infinity in a completely different way. For many centuries they have been trying to find the largest of the physical quantities required for measuring. One of them is the Graham number. How many zeros are in it and what it is used for, this article will tell. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

The Devonian period (420 - 358 million years ago) is considered the "age of fish". It was these inhabitants of the seas and oceans that dominated the organic world of that time. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

According to modern ideas of scientists, the geological history of our planet is 4.5-5 billion years. In the process of its development, it is customary to distinguish the geological periods of the Earth. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

The Ordovician period (system) is the second layer of sediments of the Paleozoic group in the history of the geology of our planet. The name comes from the ancient Ordovician tribe. They lived in Wales, Britain. This period was recognized as an independent system. It existed five hundred million years ago and lasted sixty million years. The period is distinguished on most of the modern islands and on all continents. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

On Earth, there are a huge number of different rocks. Some of them have similar characteristics, so they are combined into large groups. For example, one of them is carbonate rocks. Read about their examples and classification in the article. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

Let's reveal the distinctive features of the dynamic model, as well as the scope of its application. Let's dwell on the types of dynamic models in more detail. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859. For its time, this work was revolutionary. The British scientist questioned the previous theories about the origin of flora and fauna and put forward a new one - evolutionary. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

Mikhail Verbitsky is not only a famous Russian mathematician. He is also a blogger and is known by an Internet user under the nickname Tiphareth. What is included in the circle of interests of our extraordinary hero? How did his career develop? What is the blog of "culturologist" Mikhail Verbitsky dedicated to? Read about it in our article. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

Yuri Alekseevich Ryzhov, honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian ambassador and public figure, died a year ago. A scientist who devoted his life to research in the field of fluid and gas mechanics. He began his career while still a student and did not stop until his death. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov is an important person in Russian science. A talented person is talented in everything. By his example, he proved the authenticity of this expression. Honored Academician and Professor Sechenov, the father of Russian physiology, worked in various fields - physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, was engaged in instrument making, educational activities and many others. The biography of Sechenov is briefly described in this article. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

Where did the Slavic people come from? There are quite a few theories about this. In this article we will try to understand what ethnogenesis is. We find out what hypotheses about the origin of the Eastern Slavs exist. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

In every society there are many different rules of conduct - regulators of relations between its members. Even in the early stages of human development, that is, in the primitive communal system, interactions between people were regulated through a system of mononorms. These included various rituals, myths, customs, taboos, vows, etc. It was with their help that the so-called regulatory function was carried out in society. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

For the first time, the news that there will be a crossing of man and animal appeared in 1909. Biologist Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov said at the world congress that it is quite possible to create an ape-man. And, he was not the only scientist dealing with this issue. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

There are countries in the world where the main language is English. This happened for a number of reasons: in some lands the dialect itself was born (Great Britain), in others it was brought by settlers (USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand). In some of them, the language penetrated along with the colonialists and remained the state language, since these powers are still under the influence of Great Britain or the United States (Bahamas, Trinidad and Tobago, Belize, Guyana, Jamaica). There are other English-speaking countries. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

How commonplace is the population census for us today… This will not surprise anyone, will not outrage. In a sense, this process is already an integral part of our lives. But it was not always so. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

The word "adept" comes from the Latin adeptus, which means "achieved" in translation, but in modern dictionaries it has several meanings. Recently, the word has become associated with magic and the occult, which was facilitated by mystical books and films created in a fantastic style and loved by viewers and readers. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

The mineral orthoclase belongs to the group of alkali feldspars. It received its name thanks to the mineralogist Breithaupt John-August-Friedrich in 1823. Translated from Greek, "orthos" - straight, "klasus" - refraction. Indeed, a feature of orthoclase is the angle of 90° between the cleavage planes. The mined stone has an opaque color with a pink, green, red, brown, yellow, white or gray tint, unevenly distributed throughout the volume. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01

We know so little about the cosmos, about how many unknown secrets it holds. No one can even approximately comprehend the secrets of the universe. Although humanity is gradually moving towards this. Last modified: 2025-01-13 07:01