Science 2025, January

Chemical current sources (abbreviated as HIT) are devices in which the energy of a redox chemical reaction is converted into electrical energy. Their other names are electrochemical cell, galvanic cell, electrochemical cell. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Conditioned reflexes are the reactions of the whole organism or any part of it to external or internal stimuli. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Leveling is the determination of the value of the excess of the surface of each object over the given (reference). Such measurements are required to compile an accurate relief of the area under study. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

The article tells about the development of communication systems. It is said about the history of creation and the physical meaning of the Kotelnikov theorem, as well as about the areas of technology in which it finds application. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

The half-wave rectifier has a significant drawback. The voltage after rectification is not literally constant, it pulsates from a maximum value to zero. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

In the material we will talk about what these nebulae are, how they were discovered and what is their hypothetical origin. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

A cell is a structural unit of a living organism that exists and "works" thanks to permanent structures - organelles. All cell organelles are interconnected into a single system, where each has a specific structure corresponding to the function it performs. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

To answer the question of whether a turtle has a skeleton, remember that the body of a reptile is anatomically divided into 4 parts. It consists of a head, neck, torso and tail. Consider the structure of the turtle in section. So, her spine consists of 5 sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal. The skeleton of the head is completely bony. It is connected to the neck through two movable vertebrae. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

The grandson of a Russian general, an outstanding teacher and art critic Boris Piotrovsky devoted more than sixty years of his life to scientific work in the State Hermitage. More than 150 scientific monographs and fundamental works devoted to the archeology of the East and Transcaucasia, the ancient culture of Urartu, and other scientific research in the field of archeology belong to his pen. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Modern language, whatever it may be - Russian, English, Arabic or any other - contains a huge variety of lexemes. Each of them is individual and has its own specific meaning and character. Among such a variety, “connotation” occupies not the last place in our modern speech. This term has a clear and simple meaning, moreover, we use it almost every day. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

What kind of strange and unusual inventions do not exist in our world! When looking at many of them, the question in itself arises - how could this be thought of? Sometimes you can't find the answer. However, you can be surprised without any background. So it's worth listing the most useless and amazing inventions that are known to our world today. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Let's analyze the main alloying metals, their areas of application, give a definition of this term. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Some of the most significant discoveries took place during the periods that are called New and Modern times. When do these periods begin? What discoveries were made during this time?. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Anatomy is the science of the structure of the human body, its internal organs, their location and functioning. The development of anatomy as a science: ancient times, the Middle Ages and modern times. The concept of comparative, pathological, age, topographic anatomy. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Sometimes the world behaves very strangely, which becomes the reason for the emergence of many theories in various fields of science. The most interesting theories capture the minds of scientists and researchers, allow the scientific community to develop new ideas and assumptions, and discover something radically new. There are theories in both physics and psychology, but all are equally interesting for inquisitive people. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

The geographical environment is the part of nature with which human society directly interacts. People need it to solve production problems and for life. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

What do astronauts dream about? While in orbit, the dreamer can experience various transformations, during which he can reincarnate into some animal or creature that is completely incomprehensible to the human mind. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

There is a dependence of the rate of chemical reactions on temperature, concentration of reactants, catalysts, area and nature of the reacting components. Let's take a closer look at this dependency. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

The human nervous system carries out complex analytical and synthetic processes that ensure rapid adaptation of organs and systems to changes in the external and internal environment. The perception of stimuli from the outside world occurs due to the structure, which includes the processes of afferent neurons containing glial cells, oligodendrocytes, or lemmocytes. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Do you believe that there are 5 definitions of history and even more? In this article, we will consider in detail what history is, what are its features and what are the numerous points of view on this science. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Amazing data was discovered at the end of the last century. Scientists have found that jellyfish live forever. Read about new scientific discoveries. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

We meet so much in animal life. Have you ever wondered how animals see? Do they see colors?. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Pluto is one of the least explored objects in the solar system. Due to its great distance from the Earth, it is difficult to observe with telescopes. Its appearance is more like a small star than a planet. But until 2006, it was he who was considered the ninth planet of the solar system known to us. Why was Pluto excluded from the list of planets, what led to this? Consider everything in order. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Our unique solar system was first described by a scientist originally from Poland. The fact that the Sun is the center of our system was proven as early as the 16th century. What is it, our solar system?. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Children are very inquisitive and, being surprised at something, are ready to find out the reasons for a miracle. Parents should take advantage of these features to start introducing the child, including the restless one, to science. Especially for kids, experiments and experiments are a success. Remember that children are always interested in developing activities in the form of a game, and each parent can draw up a scenario plan. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

From the earliest times, billions of eyes have gazed into the night sky, trying to unravel the mystery of the silent satellite that illuminated their path. The moon is our closest cosmic neighbor, but we are attracted not only by this neighborhood. It is an integral part of our life, accompanying us everywhere with its mysterious moonlight, reflected in poetry and prose, films and music, hundreds of legends and mystical stories. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Both for scientists of past centuries, and for researchers of our time, the greatest mystery of space is a black hole. What is inside this completely unfamiliar system for physics? What laws apply there? How does time pass in a black hole, and why can't even light quanta escape from there?. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Out of 118 elements known to man, 94 are metals. These are elements that form simple substances with a characteristic brilliance, high plasticity and malleability. What other properties do metals have? What groups are they divided into? Let's find out. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Ceres is a dwarf planet located within the main asteroid belt, between Mars and Jupiter. The dwarf planet got its name in honor of the Roman goddess of agriculture and abundance, Ceres. Consisting mainly of rock and ice formations, it is approximately 950 km in diameter. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

This Japanese, who became famous for his experiments, which became a real sensation, is called a pseudo-scientist who misled thousands of people around the world. He stated that water carries important messages and human life is closely related to its quality. Masaru Emoto spoke about his discovery made during his research work: thought, word, music affect the molecular structure of life-giving moisture. Why the experimenter was accused of scientific ignorance, we learn in the article. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Every biology textbook says that the founder of the reflex theory is Ivan Pavlov. This is true, but even before the famous Russian physiologist, many researchers studied the nervous system. Of these, the greatest contribution was made by Pavlov's teacher Ivan Sechenov. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Carbohydrates are an integral component of the cells and tissues of any living organism, be it a plant, animal, or human being. They make up the bulk of the organic matter of the planet Earth. Carbohydrates are a fairly broad class of compounds. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

A society that is at a high level of civilization development prioritizes general humanitarian values, such as human rights, social justice, democracy, etc. Mass media are actively used (printed, visual, Internet resources, etc.) which form the attitude of the public to certain events in the world. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

The test examines the person's ideas about himself. At the same time, it can be used to evaluate ideas about both the real "I" and the ideal one. It can also be used to evaluate others if it is necessary to ascertain the vision of one individual in the eyes of another. In the process of diagnosis, the dominant type of attitude of the individual to others is distinguished. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

In sociological research, the theory of social stratification does not have a single integral form. It is based on diverse concepts relating to social inequality, the theory of classes, social masses and elites, both complementary and inconsistent with each other. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Pedagogical poem" Makarenko is both a practical guide for educating a full-fledged citizen of society and a vivid literary work, one of the "pearls" of Soviet literature. Despite multiple criticisms, Makarenko's contribution to the upbringing of the children's team is highly valued in modern pedagogy. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

The attention of modern sociological thought to the problem of classes and class relations was due to two factors - the recognition of the limited character of class theory in the writings of Karl Marx and active attention to the transformational processes in Russia and Eastern Europe. At the same time, the question of the appropriateness of singling out the category of the middle class in Russian society remains open to this day, both in domestic and foreign sociological theory. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

The process of ontogenesis is determined by successive changes in the body from the lower levels of life to the highest. There is a structural and functional improvement of the individual. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

In psychological science, it is customary to single out needs of a lower and higher order. At the same time, the emergence of the second category, as a rule, is impossible without the satisfaction of the first. In turn, the British anthropologist B. Malinovsky formulates the idea that a developed society creates "cultural" responses to the biological needs of the individual. Each need passes through a certain cultural transformation in society, the source of which is tradition. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Didactics is a branch of pedagogical knowledge that studies the problems of teaching and education. The article differentiates key didactic concepts, and also considers the tasks, principles and fundamental theoretical concepts of didactic knowledge. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01