Science 2024, November

The greatest achievement of evolution is the brain and the developed nervous system of organisms, with an increasingly complex information network based on chemical reactions. A nerve impulse running along the processes of neurons is the quintessence of complex human activity. An impulse arises in them, it moves along them, and it is the neurons that analyze them. The processes of the neuron are the main functional part of these specific cells of the nervous system, and they will be discussed

In the article we will define the striopallidary system, look at its structure, as well as the key differences between its striatum and pallidum. Next, we will follow it in the evolutionary process, consider how it manifests itself in learning movements, and get acquainted with its physiology. We will devote a separate section to functions. The description of the syndromes of lesions of the striopallidary system will complete the article

The midbrain, the functions and structure of which we will consider in detail, develops mainly under the influence of the visual receptor in the process of phylogenesis. Therefore, its most important formations are related to the innervation of the eye

Many outstanding scientists contributed to sociology, one of them was Pierre Bourdieu. French citizen, born in 1930, philosopher, culturologist, author of the theoretical concept of social space, field, cultural and social capital. He believed that the place of the subject in the social space determines the economic capital, which can be considered in terms of cultural, social and symbolic assets

Segregation is a term derived from the Latin word segregatio. Literally, it translates as "separation", or "restriction". Segregation can be of various types - they will be discussed in the article. In addition, the question of gender segregation and the degree of its influence on the professional and especially the political sphere will be raised

More than two thousand years ago, myths and legends were composed about Olympia, it was glorified by philosophers, historians and poets. It was famous for its holy places, temples of Zeus and Hera, historical monuments, the construction of which dates back to the 2nd millennium BC. Later, in honor of the Olympic Games, various structures were built and numerous statues were erected, including the famous majestic statue of Zeus. It was here that tens of thousands of inhabitants of Hellas gathered

The parameter Young's modulus, or the modulus of longitudinal elasticity, is necessary in various calculations to obtain an indicator of the stiffness of materials under tensile-compressive deformations, as well as in bending, which is quite often used in stability calculations

What is light? This question has interested mankind in all ages, but only in the 20th century AD, much was clarified regarding the nature of this phenomenon. This article will focus on the corpuscular theory of light, its advantages and disadvantages

What to do with a child when it's raining outside? You can do boring science! Experiences that both adults and children will enjoy

Types of chromatography can be classified according to various criteria: the state of aggregation of phases, the physicochemical nature of the interaction of the sorbent and sorbates, the method of introducing the eluent and its movement, the analysis technique, the purpose of chromatography

Planet Earth is special in many respects. And the point is not only that it has developed life, but also that it helps this life to persist for many millions and even billions of years. And the main reason for this is the favorable support of the cosmos

Kepler's name today is among the greatest minds whose ideas underlie both current scientific and technical achievements. An asteroid, a planet, a lunar crater, a space truck, and an orbiting space observatory are named after him

Leonhard Euler is a Swiss mathematician and physicist, one of the founders of pure mathematics. He not only made fundamental and formative contributions to geometry, calculus, mechanics, and number theory, but also developed methods for solving problems in observational astronomy and applied mathematics to engineering and public affairs

Complete and incomplete transformation of insects determines the difference in their development and life. This is especially true of development and adaptation to adverse conditions. Insects with complete transformation will be discussed in our article

In Russian legislation there is a fairly clear definition explaining what education is. It should be understood as a purposeful process of training and education in human, public and state interests

Across the world, a large number of people die every year as a result of inhaling toxic gases found in various areas of their activities. These gases are found not only in industrial settings, but also in nature: they are often odorless, colorless and cannot be detected by the human senses. In addition, gases are also used as weapons

There is not a single person who would not freeze when looking at the starry sky. However, not everyone knows that the names of stars and constellations are associated with myths and legends

Even if you believe in one of the theories of the creation of the Earth, namely that it is a "creation of the Lord", it is definitely worth noting that he took good care of the constant change in its appearance. Every day, every minute, our planet is changing under a number of different factors, most of which remain unnoticed by us. However, that doesn't mean they don't exist

Types of elephants that exist on Earth. Elephant brain facts. The importance of brain size for animal behavior. Differences in brain size between male and female elephants. The mental abilities of elephants and the development of the brain of animals. Comparison of the structure of the brain of a person and an elephant

Since the 1990s, there has been a lot of talk around the world about freon (chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs) and its impact on ozone depletion. There was an opinion of experts that all refrigerants that cause environmental harm would be banned. But is it? Or do we not care? This article discusses the various refrigerants used in air conditioners and refrigerators available on the market and their impact on the environment

We all know very well that electricity is a directed flow of charged particles as a result of an electric field. Any student will tell you this. But the question of what is the direction of the current and where these very particles go can confuse many

Such an amazing and familiar square. It is symmetrical about its center and axes drawn along the diagonals and through the centers of the sides. And to look for the area of a square or its volume is not at all difficult. Especially if the length of its side is known

Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences. Since its inception, it has not changed the main method of obtaining information. Astronomical observations have become more detailed and high-tech, but have not changed their essence

Department Golden algae (you will find a photo, description and description of their individual species in this article) is known, perhaps, only to biologists. Nevertheless, its representatives play a very important role in nature. Golden algae is one of the ancient groups of algae

Deoxyribose is a monosaccharide that plays an important biological role in all living organisms. Physical and chemical properties of deoxyribose. Difference between ribose and deoxyribose. The role of deoxyribose in the formation of the DNA double strand

Why did scientists decide that the Moon originated from the Earth, due to its collision with a large planet? How did the double planet 2M1207 form? In what year will Apophis approach the Earth and how will this threaten our planet? Is 2017 the last year for our civilization?

The origins of conservatism as a political worldview were laid at the end of the 18th century. This is not surprising if you look at the history of this time in terms of social development

Today we will characterize such a group of animals as coelenterates. Representatives, features of the structure, nutrition, reproduction and movement of these animals - you will learn about all this by reading the article

As well as the air space, the water space is heterogeneous in its zonal structure. The presence of zones with different physical and chemical characteristics led to the conditional division of the World Ocean into types of water masses depending on the topographic and geographical features of the zone of their formation. About what is called the water mass, we will talk in this article. We will identify their main types, as well as determine the key hydrothermal characteristics of ocean areas

In this article, we recall the contribution to the development of geography made by the researchers of Africa. And their discoveries completely changed the idea of the Black Continent

This man put radiation at the service of mankind, giving a powerful impetus to the development of medicine, although he himself was engaged exclusively in physics. Who was this scientist named Roentgen?

For the second century in a row, people are trying to study not only the terrestrial diversity of life in all its manifestations, but also to find out if there is life outside the planet, in outer space. These issues are de alt with by a special science - space biology. It will be discussed in our review

Let's consider the main stages of an experiment conducted within any educational or research organization. There is no specific template or ready-made scheme, according to which any problem is solved. Experimental activity, as well as the features of actions, directly depend on its specificity

The local task of pedagogical science at the present stage is to form the content of educational learning areas. Pedagogy allows you to transfer the experience gained by older generations to young people

Our spinal cord is the most ancient formation of the nervous system in evolutionary terms. Appearing for the first time in the lancelet, in the process of evolution, the spinal cord with its efferent (motor) and afferent (sensory) neurons improved. But at the same time, it retained its main functions - conductive and regulatory. It is thanks to the sensory neurons of the spinal cord that we withdraw our hand from a hot pot even before the pain appears

Many oxides of active metals, such as oxides of potassium, sodium or lithium, can interact with water. In this case, compounds related to hydroxides are found in the reaction products. The properties of these substances, the features of the course of chemical processes in which bases are involved, are due to the presence of a hydroxyl group in their molecules

Poisons and toxic substances are found literally at every step in everyday life. Currently, there are a huge number of various poisons, so there is a need for a detailed and extensive classification of toxic substances according to various characteristics and aspects

Natural polymer: structure, properties, varieties. Classification of polymers, types. Examples and economic importance of some natural macromolecules. Starch, cellulose, amber, silk, wool are natural biopolymers. General characteristics and meaning

Breathing is a universal property of all life on Earth. The main property of the respiratory process is the absorption of oxygen, which interacts with organic compounds of living tissues to form water and carbon dioxide

White dwarf is a star that is quite common in our space. Scientists call it the result of the evolution of stars, the final stage of development. In total, there are two scenarios for the modification of a stellar body, in one case the final stage is a neutron star, in the other a black hole