Science 2025, January

An electrometer is an electrical device for measuring electrical charge or electrical potential difference. This article will describe in detail how electrometers were born, what functions they performed and what they currently perform. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a calculation system for integers, with the help of which they "turn over" when they reach a certain value - the module (or the plural of them). The modern approach to this kind of science was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his Disquisitiones Arithmeticae published in 1801. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

The main subject of studying the thermodynamics of gas systems is the change in thermodynamic states. As a result of such changes, the gas can do work and store internal energy. Let us study in the article below different thermodynamic transitions in an ideal gas. Particular attention will be paid to the study of the graph of the isothermal process. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Ludwig Nobel was no less famous than his brothers Robert and Alfred. He was a man of broad views, so he knew something about every area, sometimes even a lot. This gave him the opportunity to create many mechanisms, tools, military equipment and much more. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

George Bernard Danzig - American mathematician; developed the simplex method, an algorithm for solving problems involving many conditions and variables, and in the process founded the field of linear programming. Author of outstanding scientific works and winner of several awards. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

The Pauli effect appeared thanks to an unusual person - Wolfgang Pauli. To this day, this process is treated ambiguously - on the one hand, how not to believe what people really saw, and on the other hand, how can this be? It seems something unusual and unreal. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi is the greatest humanist teacher, reformer and democrat of the times of the bourgeois revolution in Switzerland and France, a representative of the progressive intelligentsia of that period. He devoted more than half a century of his life to public education. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Amino acids are necessary for a full life and human activity. Let's analyze the main essential amino acids, their properties and applications. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Theodolite is the main high-frequency device that ensures the correct work of surveyors. Theodolites are optical and electronic. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

The gaseous state of the matter around us is one of the three common forms of matter. In physics, this fluid state of aggregation is usually considered in the approximation of an ideal gas. Using this approximation, we describe in the article possible isoprocesses in gases. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Ohm's Law is an empirical physical law that determines the relationship of the electromotive force of a source (or electrical voltage) with the strength of the current flowing in the conductor and the resistance of the conductor. Erected by Georg Ohm in 1826 and named after him. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Linear algebra, which is taught in universities in various speci alties, combines many complex topics. Some of them are related to matrices, solving systems of linear equations using the Gauss and Gauss-Jordan methods. Not all students manage to understand these topics, algorithms for solving various problems. Let's understand together the matrices and methods of Gauss and Gauss-Jordan. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Iosif Samuilovich Shklovsky - an outstanding astrophysicist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, honorary member of foreign academies and organizations. With his views and works, he had a significant impact on the development of world astrophysics in the 20th century. Shklovsky created a new direction - all-wave evolution. Author of a large number of modern theories regarding the star formation of the Universe. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Sound intensity is the amount of energy that a sound wave transfers in 1 second through a unit area of the medium. The intensity depends on the frequency of the wave, on the acoustic pressure. As you can see, many other concepts are associated with intensity: a sound wave, its frequency, acoustic pressure, the flow of sound energy. In order to understand what intensity is, we will analyze in detail each term associated with it. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

The contribution to science of the Russian and Soviet scientist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov cannot be overestimated. Physiologist, vivisector, Nobel laureate, researcher - you can talk about him for a long time. But now we will talk about the famous theory of Pavlov - about its main provisions, key principles, features and significance. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Molecular-kinetic theory allows, by analyzing the microscopic behavior of the system and using the methods of statistical mechanics, to obtain important macroscopic characteristics of the thermodynamic system. One of the microscopic characteristics, which is related to the temperature of the system, is the mean square velocity of gas molecules. We give the formula for it and consider it in the article. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Magnetic field shielding: protection methods, principles and their brief description. The main characteristics of the screens. Choice of design and material. Use of foil tapes and polymeric materials. Shielding of cable networks. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Ferroelectrics are similar in many respects to ferromagnets. In fact, these are their electrical varieties. In them, the magnetization I reverses the magnetic field H. But the microscopic structure of the presented components has enormous differences. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Perceptron, or perceptron (English perceptron from Latin perceptio - "perception") - a mathematical or computer model of information perception by the brain (cybernetic model of the brain), proposed by Frank Rosenblatt in 1957 and first implemented as an electronic machine " Mark-1" in 1960. Perceptron became one of the first models of neural networks, and Mark-1 became the world's first neurocomputer. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

French sociological school is considered to be one of the areas of sociological research, the founder of which is E. Durkheim. In European sociology, this section occupies a special place, since it had a huge impact on subsequent scientific trends. You can briefly learn about the ideas of the French sociological school, its representatives and their concepts by reading this article. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Erickson's epigenetic theory is an eight-stage concept that describes how personality develops and changes throughout life. This is a set of views that explain the nature of the formation of the individual from the moment of his conception and up to old age. She influenced the understanding of how children develop in childhood and later in life. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

The population of Saratov is represented by Russians, Ukrainians, Kazakhs, Koreans and Kyrgyz. There are many Tatars, Germans and Jews in the city. The demographic situation in the region is recognized as a crisis. The death rate outnumbers the birth rate. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

The rotation of bodies is one of the important types of mechanical movement in technology and nature. Unlike linear movement, it is described by its own set of kinematic characteristics. One of them is angular acceleration. We characterize this value in the article. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Rotation is a typical type of mechanical movement that is often found in nature and technology. Any rotation arises as a result of the action of some external force on the system under consideration. This force creates the so-called torque. What it is, what it depends on, is discussed in the article. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Man uses the method of induction everywhere in science, at work, and in everyday life. How to avoid hasty conclusions and decisions can be found in the article. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

The secrets of the Bermuda Triangle have been haunting the minds of the world community for more than half a century. Mysterious disappearances attract the attention of scientists, the press and ordinary people. The article tells the story of the popularity of this region, overgrown with many legends. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Rodents are the most numerous order of mammals. It's no joke, but now 2277 species have been described by zoologists, and this is more than half of all animals and first animals. Rodents have spread throughout the planet, with the exception of Antarctica and some islands. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Asteroids, comets, meteors, meteorites - astronomical objects that seem the same to the uninitiated in the basics of the science of celestial bodies. In fact, they differ in several ways. The properties that characterize asteroids, comets, meteors, meteorites are quite easy to remember. They also have a certain similarity: such objects are classified as small bodies, often classified as space debris. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Recently, the public is increasingly concerned about environmental issues - protecting the environment, animals, reducing the amount of harmful and dangerous emissions. Surely everyone has also heard about what an ozone hole is, and that there are a lot of them in the modern stratosphere of the Earth. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

In the twentieth century, having separated from biology into a separate science, ecology begins its life. This discipline immediately began to gain popularity. Until now, it continues to develop rapidly. Although it covers a fairly wide range of issues, probably everyone can roughly answer if you ask him: “What does ecology study?”. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Magnetic declination is the amount by which the magnetic azimuth differs from the true one. This knowledge is necessary not only when making long expeditions, but also during artillery firing, as well as for the normal navigation of ships and aircraft flights. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Most of the substances around us are mixtures of various substances, so the study of their properties plays an important role in the development of chemistry, medicine, the food industry and other sectors of the economy. The article deals with the questions of what is the degree of dispersion, and how it affects the characteristics of the system. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Visual-figurative thinking is the extraordinary ability of a creative person to see the non-standard in everyday things. Thanks to the ability to think creatively, new projects are born in the world, discoveries are made and life becomes not stereotyped, but unique for everyone who knows how to see in it a non-ordinary cycle of events, actions and objects. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

In the article we will talk about the anatomy of plants. We will consider this topic in detail and try to understand the issue. Plants surround us from birth, so it is useful to learn something new about them. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

"In space no one can hear you scream." Surely there is no person who has not heard this expression. Is there sound in space? Outer space is a vacuum, and sound does not propagate in a vacuum. However, it turns out that this is not entirely true. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Let's consider what it is, how Darwin's doctrine of artificial and natural selection influenced the diversity of wildlife in the modern world. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Is the practical application of pure science really doubtful and why does applied science have no future without investments in the development of fundamental science?. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Which animals were the first to be sent into space? To many, this question will seem elementary. Most often, in response, we heard that the first animals to see space were a couple of outbred dogs with the names Belka and Strelka. And, to the surprise of many, we are forced to report that this answer is wrong. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Clay is an interesting and diverse material in its properties, which is formed as a result of the destruction of rocks. Many, dealing with this plastic substance, think: what does clay consist of? Let's find out the answer to this question, and also figure out how this natural material can be useful to a person. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01

Astronomy is the natural science of the universe. The subject of its study are cosmic phenomena, processes and objects. Thanks to this science, we know what stars, planets, satellites, comets, asteroids, meteorites are. Astronomical knowledge also gives the concept of space, the location of celestial bodies, their movement and the formation of their systems. Last modified: 2025-01-05 10:01