Science 2024, November

Demecology (from other Greek δῆμος - people), population ecology - a section of general ecology, the object of study of which is the change in the number of populations, the relationship of groups within them. Within the framework of deecology, the conditions under which populations are formed are clarified. Demecology describes fluctuations in the number of different species under the influence of environmental factors and establishes their causes

Criminal psychology (eng. Criminal psychology from lat. criminalis - criminal) is a field of legal psychology that studies the psychological mechanisms of offenses and the psychology of offenders, problems of education, the structure of functioning and disintegration of criminal groups

The problem of soil deflation in Africa, Europe, Asia, America is very relevant. This is one of the key difficulties associated with the ecological state of the soils of our planet. Ecologists and geologists urge to pay special attention to it, arguing that underestimation of this disaster can result in a global crisis. Indeed, deflation is a serious threat to the future of the globe

System analysis is a scientific method of cognition, which is a sequence of actions to establish structural relationships between variables or constant elements of the system under study. Relies on a set of general scientific, experimental, natural science, statistical, mathematical methods

Paul Naim Berg is an American biochemist, professor at Stanford University, an honorary member of the US National Academy of Sciences. He is the recipient of the Nobel Prize for achievements in chemistry. It is known that Paul Berg created the first transgenic organism. The scientist was awarded the National Science Medal for his contribution to the development of science

The question of how many dimensions there are in the Universe, as it is known for certain, people asked back in the 17th century. And if, until recently, a person only guessed that other stars have planets, and then discovered this, now it has become clear that there are much more than four dimensions

Pseudo-random numbers [pseudo-random numbers], pseudo-random variables - an algorithmically generated sequence of numbers that have the properties of random numbers and are used instead of the latter when solving a number of classes of problems on a computer (for example, the Monte Carlo Method)

The relational data model is a unique approach to managing parameters using structure and language according to single-order predicate logic. It was first described in 1969 by the English scientist Codd. In this project, all parameters are presented as tuples grouped into certain relationships

The blue whale, the largest living animal, makes a sound that is much louder than the noise of a launching rocket. Such a loudness a person cannot bear. There is even a noise weapon, its volume is only a little more than the voice of a whale. What determines the sound volume? Why can intense, low sounds hurt and even be deadly, while high ones can't? Why are low sounds heard at a greater distance than high ones? The article will answer these questions

Supramolecular chemistry is a field of science that goes beyond particles that focuses on scientific systems made up of a discrete number of assembled subunits or components. The forces responsible for spatial organization can range from weak (electrostatic or hydrogen bonds) to strong (covalent tangencies)

In Latin, the word "impulse" means a blow, a push. Man has always been surprised by the effect produced by a blow. Let's try to analyze from the standpoint of physics such concepts as impact force, momentum of force and the formula for its calculation

The shape of a human face and its features can tell a lot about the personality of its owner. Indeed, lines or wrinkles that form over time as a result of certain repetitive facial expressions say a lot about character. This article will provide information about the shape of the eyebrows in physiognomy. And also it will be possible to learn how to recognize in people benevolence, anger, reliability and other character traits

Atomic emission spectroscopy (spectrometry) - AES or atomic emission spectral analysis - a set of elemental analysis methods based on the study of the emission spectra of free atoms and ions in the gas phase (see the group of methods of optical spectroscopy). Usually, emission spectra are recorded in the most convenient optical wavelength range from ~200 to ~1000 nm

At present, astronomy has adopted the division of the entire celestial sphere into 88 sections - constellations - with officially fixed boundaries. However, in the past, constellations were interpreted as sets of stars that stand out in the sky. At different times, they were given names associated with important concepts for people. The small southern constellation Compass is one of these kind of "monuments of the era"

Acceleration and speed are two important kinematic characteristics of any type of movement. Knowing the dependence of these quantities on time allows you to calculate the path traveled by the body. This article contains the answer to the question of how to find the acceleration, knowing the speed and time

Questions of dependence (or independence) of some quantities from others can confuse the idea of physical processes to the point of complete misunderstanding. It is clear that if you heat the thermometer, then it will not get warmer outside. And what about electricity? It's not all that clear

Movement is one of the main features of the world we live in. It is known from physics that all bodies and the particles of which they are composed are constantly moving in space even at absolute zero temperatures. In this article, we consider the definition of acceleration as an important kinematic characteristic of mechanical motion in physics

Currently there are many specialists who have devoted themselves to the physical or chemical sciences, and sometimes both. Indeed, most phenomena can be logically explained precisely through such experiments. We will consider physical methods of research in more detail

The typology of society in sociology is one of the most important problems not only in this science, but also in many other branches. This article will consecrate this issue, present a brief history of its study, starting with the works of Karl Marx and ending with the latest scientific research in this area

Linguistics is the science of language, studying it both in its entirety (as a system), and its individual properties and characteristics: origin and historical past, qualities and functional features, as well as the general laws of construction and dynamic development of all languages in Earth

Each company that manufactures products or provides services regularly calculates the cost of manufactured products and the cost of services. This indicator makes it clear how efficient and economical the company's production is. In addition, the cost directly affects the price level of the company. Now we will talk in detail about this company performance indicator

Where is the Bellingshausen polar station? Is it possible to visit it? What features does the station have and when was it built?

A statistical model is a mathematical model that embodies a set of statistical assumptions about generating some sample data and similar data from a larger population. A statistical model represents, often in a greatly idealized form, the process of generating data

In our galaxy, and indeed in the entire universe, there is a great variety of different celestial objects. In the night sky, we can observe them in the form of a huge number of twinkling dots and specks surrounding us from all sides. But what celestial bodies are called stars and why do we see their glow?

From time immemorial, people have watched the night sky and noticed that in addition to stationary objects, there are those that change their position relative to the rest. Usually we say that these are stars, but is it really? What celestial bodies are called planets and what criteria must an object have in order for it to be called a planet? Which of them are part of the solar system?

This is the name of a special type of cells with a rather dense shell. What are disputes? They can be present in several categories of organisms: bacteria, fungi, plants. Their functions are different

The Gauss method frightens many with its belonging to such a branch of mathematics as linear algebra, which is studied in universities and is quite complicated in itself. However, there is nothing wrong with this: the Gaussian method is just an algorithm that is enough to remember, so that later it can be applied practically without changes in any similar problems. This article will provide the basic and necessary concepts, as well as a detailed explanation on a specific example

An optical microscope, often referred to as a light microscope, is a type of device that uses a large number of visible light sources. Optical microscopes are the oldest types and were invented in their current sophisticated form in the 17th century. Basic optical microscopes can be very simple Often used in the classroom and environments that require closer viewing

His earthly existence came to an end in 2008, but the discussions generated by his books around the world will not subside for a very long time

Saturn's moons: Enceladus, Titan, Dione, Tethys and others - differ in size, shape and structure. Large and icy moons coexist with small and rocky ones. One of the most interesting objects in this system is Enceladus. Research suggests Saturn's sixth largest moon has a subsurface ocean

Krasnodar Territory is a unique region of our country. It is located at the junction of climatic zones, historical civilizations and national cultures. It is about the peoples and traditions of the region that will be discussed further

Among the invertebrate organisms inhabiting our planet, animals stand out, which are combined into the Type Arthropods. Crustaceans are one of the superclasses of this taxon, whose representatives live mainly in fresh or sea water

A person, being a part of the noosphere, is forced to resolve issues of interaction between society and the environment. The science that considers and analyzes the relationship of populations of living organisms between themselves and the environment, as well as studying the influence of natural factors on plant, animal and other forms of life, is called ecology

The information that codes for all the proteins in the body is written in the cell's DNA. Only 4 types of nucleic bases - and countless combinations of amino acids. Nature made sure that each failure was not critical and made the genetic code redundant. But sometimes the distortion still creeps in. It's called mutation. This is a violation in the recording of the DNA code

Mercury is closest to the Sun. What is interesting about this planet? What is the mass of Mercury and its distinguishing features? Learn more about it

Today, many types of inhibition are known, which play important roles in the functioning of the body. Among them, reciprocal inhibition (combined) is also distinguished, which is formed in certain inhibitory cells

The heart and circulatory system have long been studied, more so than some other organs. Nevertheless, they still arouse curiosity among both specialists and ordinary people. In this article, you can learn some interesting facts about the human heart

A reflecting telescope (also called a reflector) is a telescope that uses a single set or combination of curved mirrors to reflect light and create an image. The reflecting telescope was invented in the 17th century by Isaac Newton as an alternative to the refracting telescope, which at the time was a design suffering from severe chromatic aberration

Fourier transform is a transformation that compares the functions of some real variable. This operation is performed every time we perceive different sounds

Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest. He lost the lead to Jupiter, but this did not prevent him from arousing the keenest interest among astrophysicists. Saturn, the flattest planet in our solar system, is incredibly beautiful, complemented by assorted rings. The latter are of interest to astrophysicists no less than the giant itself